Each of the following questions is worth 5 marks. Please write your answer in the text box supplied.

1. Explain the path of blood through the heart and lungs. Name the points at which the blood is carrying oxygen and the key anatomical structures it passes on its route. (6 marks)
2. Here is a picture of a normal sinus waveform. Write a series of bullet points describing what is happening in terms of electrical conduction at P, Q, R, S and T. (6 marks)
3. Describe the mechanisms used to achieve venous return to the heart. (6 marks)
4. Describe the process of urine formation, referring to the three different phases and the structures in the nephron involved at each stage. (6 marks)
5. Describe the structures in the respiratory system involved in the passage of air from the nose to the lungs. (6 marks)
6. A student eats biscuits for breakfast, cake for lunch and ice cream for dinner. Describe what is likely to happen to their body during this day in terms of homeostasis. Include reference to the specific feedback loop and hormones involved. (6 marks)
7. Describe what will happen to a red blood cell if you place it in hypotonic solution, referring to cellular transport mechanisms, and explain what this means in terms of infusing pure water into a patient. (6 marks)
8. Explain how the body protects the intestinal tract from gastric (stomach) acid. (6 marks)
9. Give a definition of trophic and non-trophic hormones, and relate these terms to the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland. (6 marks)
10. Describe the events of the respiratory cycle, referring to the correct sequence of events, correct anatomical structures and applying your answer to the correct gas law. (6 marks)
11. Neurons are specialised cells which can transmit an electrical signal. Describe the process of nerve transmission. (6 marks)
12. Use your understanding of cell organelles to explain why:

• We inherit mitochondria from our mother
• Nerve cells cannot divide
• Red blood cells have a life span of around a week. (6 marks)

Sample Solution

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