The purpose of this proposal is to let me know your plan for the Toulmin essay. Prior to completing this proposal, please make sure to review the Toulmin assignment directions carefully. These directions can be found in the classroom. The assignment directions are also given below.

There is no time or submission limit for this assignment. Please take your time in completing this quiz.

The Toulmin assignment directions are as follows:
This essay, not the quiz, should be between 900 and 1000 words. This essay will help you practice what you have learned so far in this course. First, you will choose a topic of interest. Make sure that you choose a topic with two opposing sides. Then, you need to research that topic in order to specify the topic’s scope, so it can be easily discussed in a shorter, 1000 word essay. For example, you may be interested in learning more about traffic issues in the United States. However, that topic is too large to cover in a 1000 word essay. After researching peer reviewed articles that discuss US traffic issues in general, you may discover that the metro system in the District of Columbia is underfunded and underutilized. Through your research, you found that you could make a claim that more funds should be made available in order to upgrade the metro system, which would improve traffic issues in the District of Columbia. This would make for a stronger, specific argument.

The following overused topics may not be used in your essay: gun control, abortion, capital punishment, gay marriage, gays in the military, mandatory drug testing, euthanasia, childhood obesity, women in the military, diets (including the Paleo diet), workout regimens (including CrossFit), underage drinking, and the legalization of marijuana.

This essay must include a minimum of five sources. Three should peer-reviewed sources preferably from the APUS databases. You may use eBooks; however, as discussed earlier this semester, books generally are not as current as peer-reviewed articles. You may also use primary sources (interviews, statistics, etc); however, these primary sources should be obtained from experts within that field. If you cannot find strong sources for your chosen topic, then change your topic. If you have a question about the validity of a source, please email me, or post your question to the open forum.

Make sure to include the following sections in your essay: introduction and claim, background, body, and conclusion. Within the body of your Toumin essay, make sure to include the following in any order: support for your claim, opposing or alternate views, scholarly research, and rebuttals.

After you have written your essay, please make sure to revise the content of your essay. Lastly, be sure to edit your essay by checking grammar, format, and smaller technical details. Please make sure your essay is written in third person.

Please note that this is manually graded so you won’t have an instant grade on this. If you do not receive feedback on any of the five submitted answers, let your instructor know.

These are the 3 questions that need to be answered in toulmin format and a topic to be decided one of your choice!

• Please post your proposed one-sentence thesis statement for this topic. Remember, this single sentence thesis statement has a clear stance and is never a question.
• List a peer-reviewed source (for peer-reviewed sources see the “Advanced Search” link just below the Search box on the Library Welcome page) that you plan to use in this essay.
• Give a tentative outline for your essay. Remember, your essay must have the following components: introduction, background, support for your claim, opposing views, rebuttals, and a conclusion. Clarify these components in your outline. Your outline may be a topic or sentence outline but must be somewhat concrete.

  Example:

  I Introduction and thesis
  II Background Info
  a. First example
  b. Second etc.

  III Support for Claim
  a. First example
  b. Second example, etc.

  IV Opposing View Discussion
  a. First possible opposition to claim
  b. Second, etc.

  V. Your rebuttal to all the points in IV

  VI. Conclusion

You must include either a short quotation and/or paraphrase with the in-text citation and a works cited entry for this source in MLA form. *Note: To receive credit for this question, the source must be peer-reviewed and correctly cited (a hanging indent is not required to receive credit).

 

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Topic

Primitive Arrays

Description

Write a program that will compute a number of statistics for a set of data provided by the user. The data will be made up of decimal numbers. After inputting the data, the program will compute and display the following statistics relating to the data.

• Min Value
• Max Value
• Mean Value
• Median Value

Implementation

Do the above assignment by creating two classes: Statistics and TestStatistics.

The class Statistics will be used as a blue print for a Statistics object.

It will keep a set of data and will provide methods to compute statistics relating to the data. The data will be provided to the Statistics object in an array during object construction.

The class TestStatistics will be used to hold the method main. The method main will be used to input the data, create the Statistics object, compute statistics by calling Statistics object methods and display the values received.

Class Statistics

The class Statistics will provide the following:

• A private array variable data for holding user data.
• A private array variable sdata for holding a sorted copy of the above data.
• A constructor to initialize the array data.
• A method getOrigData for returning a copy of the array data.
• A method getSortedData for returning a copy of the original array but now sorted.
• A method findMin for computing min
• A method findMax for computing max
• A method findMean for computing mean (or average)
• A method findMedian for computing median

Class TestStatistics

The class TestStatistics will provide the method main which will do the following:

• Prompt the user for the number of total items in the data.
• Create an array of that size.
• Input data items from the user and store them in the array.
• Create an object of the class Statistics and pass it the data array.
• Call a Statistics object method to obtain the original data array.
• Call a Statistics object method to obtain the data array but now sorted in ascending order.
• Call Statistics object methods for calculating the min, max, mean and median values.
• Display the original data, data sorted in ascending order, min, max, mean and median values.

Testing

Test Run:

Input

(User input is shown in bold).

Enter the Number Of Data Values: 12

Enter Data Value: 7.2

Enter Data Value: 7.6

Enter Data Value: 5.1

Enter Data Value: 4.2

Enter Data Value: 2.8

Enter Data Value: 0.9

Enter Data Value: 0.8

Enter Data Value: 0.0

Enter Data Value: 0.4

Enter Data Value: 1.6

Enter Data Value: 3.2

Enter Data Value: 6.4

Output

Original Data:

7.2 7.6 5.1 4.2 2.8 0.9 0.8 0.0 0.4 1.6 3.2 6.4

Sorted Data:

0.0 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.6 2.8 3.2 4.2 5.1 6.4 7.2 7.6

Min Value: 0.0

Max Value: 7.6

Mean: 3.35

Median: 3.0

Discussion

Mean

Mean refers to the average value of the data.

Median

Median is the middle number. It has as many numbers above it as below it.

For example for odd count data: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, the number 6 is median. It has two numbers lower than it and two number higher than it.

For even count data: 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and10, there are two medians: the number 6 and 7. The median is the average of the two medians. So the median for this data is 6.5.

Sample Code

Calculating Median

//sample code below computes the median

//The code below assumes that sdata is an array that contains sorted data.

public double findMedian ( )

{

//Declare variables

int index, indexHi, indexLo;

double median;

//Determine if the length is odd or even.

if ( (sdata.length %2) != 0 )

{

index = sdata.length / 2;

median = sdata [index];

}

else

{

indexHi = sdata.length / 2;

indexLo = indexHi – 1;

median = (sdata[indexLo] + sdata[indexHi] ) / 2;

}

return median;

}

Sorting

//sample code below sorts an array data.

//Using code below, you can sort an array of int or double.

import java.util.*;

Arrays.sort (data);

Copying an Array

You can copy an array, say source of type double or int, starting at its element 0, to another array, say dest of the same type and starting at its element 0 as below: (source.length is the length of the source array).

System.arraycopy (source, 0, dest, 0, source.length );

Receiving an Array

Whenever you receive an array as a parameter, you are receiving a copy of a reference to it. If you want to save the contents of this array array, it’s good idea to create another array and copy the contents of the array received into that array.

Also, the min, the max and median values of data contained in an array can be found easily by sorting the array.

Below, the constructor Statistics receives an array d and copies its contents into two separate instant arrays data, sdata. It then sorts the array sdata. The array sdata can be later used for finding min, max and median values.

private double [] data; //instance variable

private double [] sdata; //instance variable

//constructor Statistics

public Statistics (double [ ] d )

{

//create the array data, sdata

data = new double [d.length];

sdata = new double [d.length];

//copy the data from array d into array data and sdata

System.arraycopy (d, 0, data, 0, d.length);

System.arraycopy (d, 0, sdata, 0, d.lenth);

//sort the array sdata

Arrays.sort (sdata ); //To access Arrays, import java.util.*:

}

Returning an Array

When you return an array from a method, only a copy of the reference to the array is returned. Thus on return, the caller of the method will have access to the array returned. So the caller can modify the array. If you don’t want the caller to be able to modify the array being returned, copy the array into another array and return that array.

Below, the method getSortedData ( ) below returns a copy of the array sdata. The array sdata is an instance array containing the sorted data. Its declaration is not shown.

//the method below returns a copy of the instance array sdata containing the sorted data.

public double [ ] getSortedData ( )

{

//create a new array d.

//array sdata is an instance variable not shown.

double [ ] d = new double [ sdata.length ];

//copyt the array sdata into array d

System.arraycopy ( sdata, 0, d, 0, sdata.length );

//return the reference of the array d

retrun d;

}

Receiving an Array Returned

When a method returns an array, it returns a copy of the reference to the array. So the caller should create a array reference variable to receive the array reference returned.

Below, the caller receives an array reference by calling the method getSortedData ( ) shown earlier.

//create an array reference

double [ ] sortedData ;

//Receive an array returned by method getSortedData ( )

sortedData = getSortedData ( );

Displaying Contents Of An Array

Below, the code displays the contents of an array sdata containing numbers. The contents of the original array can also be displayed in the same way.

String out = “Sorted Data:n”;

For (int i=0; i<sdata.length; i++)

{

out = out + sdata [i] + “ “;

}

out = out + “n”;

JoptionPane.showMessageDialog ( null, out );

 

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