Identify and briefly describe five or more patient health issues from the case study that nurses will address within their scope of practice. You may include ‘risk for’ or ‘potential for’ health issues. Select the three highest priority patient health issues from the ones that have been described. Provide a brief rationale explaining why these […]
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Select a country of interest to compare to your own country and describe how each country regards women and religion. Assignment Description For this assignment, select a country of interest to compare to your own country. As an HR practitioner, prepare an internal memorandum that includes the following: Describe how each country regards women and […]
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Coronary heart disease can be defined as a condition that is characterized by the development of a plaque in the rumen of coronary arteries. The coronary arteries supply oxygen and other nutrients to the heart muscles which play the role of pumping blood throughout the body.Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay. This plaque consists of scar tissue, calcium, fatty material, and cholesterol. The plague narrows the arteries and as a result the does not receive enough blood. When the problem of building up of a plague is not treated, the coronary heart disease can bring about angina. Angina is the chest pain that comes about when the heart muscles do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. The coronary heart disease can also result into development of blood clots, heart attacks, arrhythmias, and heart failure (Young, 2006).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
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Coronary Heart Disease Essay Free Example
For the past 80 years in the United States, the heart disease has been a major cause of death as well as disability. Treatment of the heart disease results into substantial health-care expenditures hence a burden to affected individuals. In America, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death today. In the year 2006 the coronary heart disease caused 425,425 deaths in America. Over the last two decades, Americans have reduced the risk of dying from coronary heart disease by watching the amount of cholesterol in blood stream, ensuring normal blood pressure, and smoking less (AHA).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Strategies to Identify the Risk Factors
The American Heart Association has come up with strategies to identify the risk factors. They have found that some of the factors can be controlled or treated, modified, and some can neither be controlled nor modified. When an individual has more risk factors, he tends to have a greater chance of being attacked by coronary heart disease. And it has been seen that, when an individual has a high level of a particular risk, the risk tends to be greater.Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
For instance, an individual with cholesterol amounting to 300 mg/dl will have a greater risk than another individual with cholesterol amounting to 245 mg/dl, even if every individual with cholesterol greater than 240 mg/dl is regarded being at high-risk. When the amount of cholesterol in the blood stream exceeds normal levels, it builds up in the lumen of arteries. With time, the buildup brings about hardening of the arteries such that they become narrow hence slowing down the blood flow to the heart and can even block altogether. The blood supplies the heart muscles with oxygen and nutrients such that if enough blood cannot reach the heart, one suffers chest pain. In the case when blood supply is blocked completely from reaching some portions of the heart, normally the result is heart attack (Young, 2006).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Eating for Lower Cholesterol provides forefront information on cholesterol to enable individuals lower their cholesterol levels in blood stream therefore reducing their risk of developing heart disease. In America, doctors advise the great number of citizens with high cholesterol, on medications and alternatively to follow diets which are cholesterol-lowering. A leading nutritionist has designed a Stay Balanced Scale to enable individuals take charge of their diets free from feeling deprived (Marmot, 2010).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Heredity can also bring about the tendency of an individual being attacked by the heart disease. Sometimes the heart disease is inherited from parents, such that children of parents with heart disease have a greater chance of developing the disease themselves. Through research findings, it has been seen that African Americans have severe high blood pressure as compared to Caucasians and as a result are at an increased risk of heart disease. American Indians, some Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and native Hawaiians have been found to be at more risk of developing coronary heart disease. It has been found out that most people having a family history of developing heart disease have other risk factors such that it is the risk factors that can be controlled or treated and not the family history that can be controlled (AHA).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Tobacco smoking also brings about increased risk of developing heart disease. Those individuals who smoke have a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease as compared to nonsmokers. By research findings it is clear that about 20% of deaths caused by heart disease in the United States are directly associated with cigarette smoking. This is due to the fact that smoking is the primary cause of coronary heart disease. The risk is brought about by nicotine which is present in smoke. The nicotine decreases the amount of oxygen that should be supplied to the heart, increases heartbeat rate which in turn increases blood pressure, increases blood clotting, and bring about damage to the cells that form the lining at the lumen of coronary arteries and other blood vessels (CDC).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
So that to combat the increased number of deaths due to smoking, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have sanctioned five medications that can enable individuals to stop smoking and diminish the urge to smoke. These include:
Bupropion SR which does not have nicotine and as well reduces the urge to smoke;
nicotine supplements for instance gum, so that the addicted people cannot suffer from the declining levels of nicotine in blood;
a nicotine nasal spray; a nicotine inhaler; and a nicotine patch (Marmot, 2010).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Inactivity is another major risk factor of coronary heart disease. In most cases the sedentary individuals develop obesity which is as a result of accumulation of fats in the body tissues including around the blood vessels. This narrows the blood vessels especially the coronary arteries hence reducing the amount of blood flow to the heart muscles. The heart muscles in turn receive less oxygen and nutrients resulting into heart attack or heart failure (CDC).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
It is advisable that physical activity should be done three to five times every week so that to diminish many of the risks. The physical activity reduces and individual’s susceptibility to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high levels of triglyceride, and diabetes. Exercise enables an individual to control or lose body fat and weight, and supports one’s efforts to discontinue smoking. Since the heart is made up of muscles, it needs exercise to perform its roles as expected. Regular exercise enables the heart and cardiovascular system to work properly hence improving blood flow. By research findings, American Heart Association says that grouped studies indicate that regular physical activity and behavioral modifications after a heart attack ameliorate the rates of survival as well as quality of life (AHA).Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
Coronary Heart Disease Essay Conclusion
According to Young (2006) some factors like increasing age are also associated with heart disease. The risk of heart disease increase as one grows older and older. In America it has been seen from the findings that more than 80% of people who die from heart disease are over 65 year of age. The heart’s functions weaken as one grows older such that the muscles of the heart are less able to effectively pump the blood. The walls of coronary arteries may become thick, stiffen and become narrow. Other problems like hypertension can even make the condition worse. To control the problem with old people, it is advisable that their diet should not include a lot of fats and they should not be very inactive, at least they should do some walking.Coronary Heart Disease Definition Essay.
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Clinical education encompasses numerous elements. As a result, assessment of student practices in clinical settings must be complex and multidimensional. The goal of this paper is to review the current state of research into clinical assessments and provide recommendations to improve the quality of assessment procedures in clinical settings. The paper includes a brief evaluation of the supervisor and student’s role in clinical assessment.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
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Clinical Practices Paper
Assessment of students in clinical settings is one of the most challenging tasks encountered by medical professionals and supervisors. Most practicing physicians are currently involved in assessing the extent to which their trainees are successful in achieving the clinical and learning objectives (Epstein, 2007). However, not all practicing physicians can define the most appropriate criteria of competent performance; many of them fail to develop appropriate assessment instruments. The current state of literature offers a broad choice of clinical assessment instruments, but the evidence supporting their validity is rather scarce. This being said, clinical professionals and supervisors must use more than one instrument of assessment and make sure that students have voice in assessment procedures and decisions.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
Clinical Assessment: Review of Literature
The range and diversity of clinical assessment methods cannot be overstated. Most physicians are involved in assessing the competencies and skills of their trainees; in the meantime, researchers try to improve the existing and develop new models of clinical assessment. The current state of literature provides a wealth of information about clinical assessment methods. Epstein (2007) performed a broad meta-examination of the assessment methods available to clinicians. As always, written examinations and assessments by supervising clinicians remain the most frequent elements of assessment in clinical settings (Epstein, 2007). “Supervising clinicians’ observations and impressions of students over a specific period remain the most common tool used to evaluate performance with patients” (Epstein, 2007, p.389).Clinical Practices Paper Essay Comments provided by supervisors exemplify a unique and extremely useful source of practical recommendations for students. To observe trainees frequently and continuously clinical supervisors can use mini-clinical-evaluation exercises, through direct observation or by means of video review (Epstein, 2007). In these exercises clinical supervisors usually observe the way students deal with patients, examine them and take their history over the period of 10-20 minutes (Epstein, 2007). Clinical simulations are a common instrument of student assessment in clinical settings (Epstein, 2007). Multisource assessments and student portfolios are becoming widespread (Epstein, 2007).Clinical Practices Paper Essay
Later, Epstein, Siegel and Silberman (2008) explored the role and place of self-monitoring in clinical assessment and concluded that self-monitoring could be used to help clinicians assess student knowledge and competencies. Kogan, Holmboe and Hauer (2009) added to the body of literature concerning clinical assessment and found that, although clinicians had a wide choice of assessment instruments, evidence supporting their validity and positive outcomes was at least scarce. Unfortunately, all studies reviewed in this paper rely on secondary findings; as a result, their conclusions and outcomes need further analysis and validation. Clinical environments undergo constant changes, and clinicians need new models of assessment, to promote objectivity and progress in clinical supervision and education. Nevertheless, it is still possible to develop recommendations and improve the efficiency of assessment frameworks used in clinical environments.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
Recommendations
To improve the quality of assessment procedures, clinical supervisors should 1) use more than one method of assessment; and 2) test the validity of various assessment techniques in clinical settings. The use of more than one assessment method is justified by the fact that competences are contextual, and the methods used to assess student competencies vary, depending on the context. In one situation video reviews and written examinations may become the best way to assess student achievements, whereas in other clinical settings supervisors may need to combine student portfolios with peer feedbacks (Epstein, 2007). Whatever method clinical supervisors decide to choose, they must ensure its validity against the contextual environment where it is used.Clinical Practices Paper Essay This is possible by reviewing the most recent research findings and adjusting standardized methods of assessment to meet the specific contextual requirements. Since most clinical assessment methods lack sufficient empirical support, it is imperative that clinicians initiate a broad analysis of the existing and new assessment models, to facilitate the integration of theory and practice. The main theoretical underpinnings of each clinical assessment model have to be reviewed. Simultaneously, clinical supervisors should not overestimate their place in clinical assessments and forget about the importance of self-assessment and peer feedbacks.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
Self-monitoring and self-assessment are essential prerequisites of quality assessment in clinical settings. Clinical supervisors must ensure that students have voice in all assessment procedures. Standardized assessments alone cannot suffice, as students must express their perceptions and concerns with regard to the clinical practices in which they participate (Epstein et al., 2008). The risks inherent in self-assessment procedures should not be disregarded: students and supervisors must be able to distinguish between high-quality objective data, as well as projection and imagination (Epstein et al., 2008). Self-assessment is important in that it provides contextualized feedback and facilitates self-monitoring in clinical settings (Epstein et al., 2008). Here, self-assessment procedures can be further supplemented by collaborative activities that require peer feedback.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
The Role of Students and Supervisors in Clinical Assessment
Students and supervising clinicians must participate in all assessment procedures in equal terms. Simultaneously, clinical supervisors are to bear the main burden of decision-making and responsibility for the quality of assessment procedures used. Clinical supervisors are to remain the central instruments of clinical assessment, although the choice of assessment formats should be made with caution. Clinical assessment may have a lot of unintended consequences and distract students’ attention from important clinical issues (Epstein, 2007), but clinical supervisors possess experience and skills to implement relevant assessment frameworks. Clinical Practices Paper EssayIn this sense, the role of the clinical supervisor is to guarantee that (a) there is a reasonable balance of various assessment methods; and (b) students are not overloaded with examinations. Clinical supervisors must avoid using direct observation as the sole method of assessing student skills; human observation is an extremely subjective process associated with biases and inconsistency (Stuart, 2003). Also clinical supervisors must make sure that the formats of examination do not change during the course, as individuals study more thoroughly when they anticipate certain assessment formats (Epstein, 2007). Clinical assessments should not discourage students but, on the contrary, encourage reflective learning and self-monitoring on an ongoing basis.Clinical Practices Paper Essay
The current state of literature provides ample information about various models of assessment in clinical settings. Unfortunately, evidence supporting the validity of these models is rather scarce. While clinical supervisors carry the main burden of decision-making and assessment responsibility, students should have voice in all assessment procedures. Self-monitoring and self-assessment, coupled with peer feedback, should become integral components of clinical assessment procedures. With more than one assessment method used, these recommendations will encourage reflective learning and self-monitoring among medical students on a daily basis. Clinical Practices Paper Essay
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