Select a disease/condition from the list below to investigate, select the Complementary and Alternative Health (CAH) system you will evaluate for the treatment of the disease/condition you select, generate a thesis statement Week 1 – Assignment Preliminary Outline and Foundational Definitions This assignment will help you prepare for your Final Paper. For this assignment you […]
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https://academicheroes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/logo.png00adminhttps://academicheroes.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/logo.pngadmin2019-10-27 01:04:422019-10-27 01:04:42Select a disease/condition from the list below to investigate, select the Complementary and Alternative Health (CAH) system you will evaluate for the treatment of the disease/condition you select, generate a thesis statement
Quantitative determination of blood alcohol (BAC) is one of the most common analyses performed in the forensic toxicology laboratory. GC with FIR (flame ionization detection) is the preferred technique. Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
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Blood samples must be drawn by medical personnel and transported to the lab, where they are stored in a refrigerator. The blood tubes used for collection generally contain sodium fluoride, an anti-glycolytic, which inhibits enzyme reactions with glucose (recall that fermentation of glucose can produce alcohol!). Sample preparation is minimal and will vary by laboratory. Nearly all labs, however, will require use of an internal standard (discussed further below). Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
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Quantitative analysis by GC is typically done using an autosampler. Even with this, the very small sample injection volumes and potential small changes in instrumental conditions, such as gas flow, might introduce other variations. One method commonly used to compensate for these difficulties is the use of internal standards.
The internal standard method involves spiking an exactly known quantity of a substance into every sample and standard. The area of the internal standard and the area of the analyte are determined, and then a ratio of these two is calculated by dividing the area of the analyte peak by the area of the internal standard peak. The result is called a peak area ratio (PAR). The idea is that even though the peak areas for a given sample may vary from one test to the next due to injection differences or instrumental variations, the ratio of the two peaks will be constant, since the variations will affect both substances equally. Then, when preparing the calibration curve, the PAR is plotted on the y-axis rather than the simple peak area. Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
A good internal standard has the following characteristics:
ü Yields a peak that is well resolved from other peaks
ü Has a retention time close to the analyte’s retention time
ü Normally, some structural similarity between the IS and analyte is desirable
ü Is a compound not readily available to the public and this not typically ingested
o This can be confirmed by using two Internal Standards (e.g., N-Propanol and Isobutanol)
§ The area ratio between the two internal standards should be a constant
There are two ways of introducing an internal standard into the analysis. One way is to dissolve the internal standard into the solvent used to dilute both samples and standards. A second way is to add an accurate and precise volume of concentrated internal standard solution to the samples and standards. The Internal Standard solution may contain salt (i.e., sodium chloride) to enhance the headspace analyses. Addition of salt reduces the solubility of alcohol in an aqueous solution. Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
For blood alcohol quantitative determinations, n-propanol is a commonly used internal standard. In the data set below, you are provided with peak areas for both ethanol and propanol. When you make the calibration curve, plot the PAR vs the concentration.
Quality control samples (QC) are a critical component of a forensic BAC. QC samples typically include:
Negative control (contains no ethanol)
Positive control (contains a known amount of ethanol)
Quality control requirements typically include:
Agreement between the calculated value found for a control and its true, assigned value
Agreement between the calculated ethanol concentrations in duplicate samples
Agreement between the retention times of calibrator and sample ethanol peaks and internal standard peaks
For this “dry lab” you will be given a set of data from a BAC run. You will need to determine the PAR, plot a calibration curve, determine the concentrations of the unknowns, and calculate the QC results to be sure they are within the pre-established limits. Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
Data
In a real world forensic BAC run, you would have two separate columns running these samples simultaneously. You would also determine acetone, isopropanol, and methanol. For this dry lab, however, we will only do calculations for ethanol on one column.
Concentration(g ethanol / 100 mL)
Peak area for ethanol
Retention time ethanol, min
Peak area for n-propanol (IS spiked at 0.05g/dL)
Retention time n-propanol min
Blank
0
1259
1.141
25649
1.991
Calibrator 1
0.0100
3975
1.139
24507
1.898
Calibrator 2
0.0500
21876
1.137
25565
2.010
Calibrator 3
0.0800
37561
1.140
24610
1.995
Calibrator 4
0.100
46003
1.142
24368
1.997
Calibrator 5
0.300
133987
1.138
25117
2.001
Calibrator 6
0.500
221397
1.140
24947
1.993
Negative control 1
0
3165
1.145
25387
2.011
Positive control 1
0.0800
35587
1.135
24991
1.993
Blood sample 1
?
67590
1.141
25619
1.990
Blood sample 1 duplicate
?
70345
1.138
25116
1.891
Blood sample 2
?
98171
1.144
24819
1.993
Blood sample 2 duplicate
?
110786
1.137
25038
2.011
Negative control 2
0
1590
1.143
25437
1.995
Positive control 2
0.300
146723
1.144
24751
1.996
Report Requirements
Calculations
For each question, show the calculations for at least one example. You may write-out rather than type the calculations, if you wish.
1. Use the calibrator data to make a calibration curve using Excel. You should be able to copy and paste that data table into Excel. Remember to use the PAR, not just the ethanol peak area. Plot PAR on the on the y-axis and ethanol concentration on the x-axis. Use Excel to get a trendline (linear least squared fit to the data) and an r2 value for the calibration curve. Attach the graph to the report. (2 pts)
2. The standard operating procedure (SOP) that you are using says that the r2 value for the calibration curve must be greater than 0.995. Does your curve meet that requirement? (0.5 pts)
3. Use the trendline equation to calculate the ethanol concentrations for negative control 1 and 2. (1 pt)
4. The SOP in your lab states that the QC limit for the negative control is less than 0.0025%. (1 pt)
a. Are both of the negative controls within QC limits?
b. Suppose that your SOP says that you can’t report data if the limit is exceeded. Would you be able to report data from this run?
5. Use the trendline to calculate the ethanol concentrations for positive control 1 and 2. (1.5 pts)
6. Calculate the % error for both positive controls. (See data table for the “true” concentrations). (1.5 pts) Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
7. The SOP states that the positive controls must be within 5% of the “true” concentration. If they aren’t, you should re-run the batch. Can you report the data from this batch? (0.5 pt)
8. Calculate the ethanol concentrations for the four injections of Blood samples. (1.5 pts)
9. Calculate the agreement between each Blood sample and its duplicate as relative percent difference from the average (RPD). (1.5 pts)
10. Suppose your SOP requires that the RPD must be +/- 5%. Do your samples meet this requirement, and could you report this data? (0.5 pts)
11. Calculate and list the average value of the retention time for the ethanol and n-propanol for the 6 calibrators. (1pt)
12. Suppose your SOP requires that the retention times for the ethanol and n-propanol in the samples is within ±3% of the average retention time for those substances in the calibrators. Do your 4 Blood sample injections meet that requirement? Briefly justify your answer. (1.5 pts)
Questions
13. The per se limit for DUI is 0.08%. Explain what the percent unit actually means in blood alcohol testing. Is this on a weight/weight basis, a volume/volume basis, a volume/weight basis or a weight/volume basis? Would it make a difference if the limit were on a different basis? (1 pt)
14. Is the unit g ethanol/dL blood the same unit as 0.08%? What volume in is 1 dL in units of milliliters? (1 pt)
15. Were any of the samples in this dry lab data above the legal limit? If so, which ones? (1 pt)
16. The actual columns often used for BAC are proprietary. Manufacturers provide examples of operating conditions that demonstrate how well the columns separate mixtures, but disclose little information on the composition of the columns. Even though you don’t know the exact makeup of the stationary phase in the columns, would you expect them to be polar or non-polar? Explain your answer. (1 pt) Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
17. Chromatographic conditions for BAC are generally isothermal. Briefly explain the term isothermal in the context of GC-FID. What step in a temperature gradient GC-FID run can be omitted in an isothermal GC-FID run? Why are isothermal methods preferred for BAC? (2 pts) Determination of Blood Alcohol Essay.
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Introduction
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in complementary medicine, and indeed alternative medicine (Lee-Treweek 2002, Andrews 2004, Barry 2006).Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay. Moreover the number of professionally trained therapist and practitioners has increased giving the patient/client a better choice and at more competitive rates (Smallwood, 2005).
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In this essay a critical assessment of the view that ‘patients use of complementary and alternative medicine, can be understood as part of the individualisation of responsibility for health’ will be made and argued, that there are many aspects which influence the uptake of such therapies. Responsibility for health has changed and this will be discussed by examples of sociological theories. Medical sociologists have been previously concerned with illness rather than health. Functionalists such as Parsons (1951) suggested illness was a deviance and had the effect of disruption on society which had to be controlled. He used the sick note to illustrate that the sick person was excused from performing normally, but this had to be kept to a minimum and the sick person had to want to get better.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay. The function of the medical profession was to socially control the use of the sick note to those genuinely sick (Webb, Westergaard, 2004). However in today society the working person aims to keep working during some illnesses or at least limit the time spent away from work. To do this it involves taking some responsibility for keeping healthy and reducing the time actually being ill. Therefore by choosing to use CAM and alternative medicine, it could provide an additional method which may combat illness and help speed up recovery (Lett, 2000).Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
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Possible reasons why patient/clie…
… middle of paper …
…t approach of dictating the direction the Nation Health Service should follow. This caused a vast change in how services were delivered, with cost influencing many decisions.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Prescribed Drugs with CAMs (Complementary and Alternative Medicine )
Order Description
A 35-year-old male, Mr. NX, presents to your clinic today with complaints of back pain and “just not feeling good.” Regarding his back, he states that his back pain is a chronic condition that he has suffered with for about the last 10 years. He has not suffered any specific injury to his back. He denies weakness of the lower extremities, denies bowel or bladder changes or dysfunction, and denies radiation of pain to the lower extremities and no numbness or tingling of the lower extremities. He describes the pain as a constant dull ache and tightness across the low back.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
He states he started a workout program about 3 weeks ago. He states he is working out with a friend who is a body builder. He states his friend suggested taking Creatine to help build muscle and Coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant so he started those medications at the same time he began working out. He states he also takes Kava Kava for his anxiety and garlic to help lower his blood pressure.
His historical diagnoses, currently under control, are:
Type II diabetes since age 27
High blood pressure
Recurrent DVTs
His prescribed medications include:
Glyburide 3 mg daily with breakfast
Lisinopril 20 mg daily
Coumadin 5 mg daily
Directions:
Based on the above case study, address each section of the Unit 9 Assignment template. Be sure to first view the Unit 9 Assignment Grading Rubric (found in the Grading Rubrics section under Course Home) and use it to guide your completion.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Download the Unit 9 Assignment template.
Rename the downloaded template file as “FirstInitial+LastName_ MN553_Unit9.docx” (e.g., JDoe_MN553_Unit4.docx).
Review the Assignment grading rubric.
Complete the template, basing your responses on the case study above.
Support your arguments with appropriate evidence from the literature, citing and referencing in APA 6th edition style.
Upload your completed file to the Dropbox. Please be sure to confirm that your file uploaded correctly. For help in uploading, review the Student Guide to the Dropbox.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Unit 9 Assignment template.
Case Study: MN553 Advanced Pharmacology
Unit 9 Case Study
“Prescribed Drugs with CAMs”(Complementary and Alternative Medicine)
Student Name
Date of Submission
This paper addresses a pharmacological management plan for Mr. NX, including consideration of possible contraindications for CAMs, prescriptive, and non-prescriptive recommendations for management of acute pain and other ongoing disease processes, followed by evaluation strategies.
Conventional and Alternative Medicine
It is important to track the front of the existing dilemmas in the issue of conventional and alternative medicine. In that respect, there are various locations that accompany to diseases and good health, in gathering the steps that is entitled for it to be taken out by an individual and then as to advocate full health. Patients are getting frustrated with doctors that seem pushy with drugs and surgeries as cures. We can likewise retain an open mind on both of these ways.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
However, conservative methods are on the other hand, are being utilized; medicine is a perfect example of the existence of the two attitudes. The conventional medicine’s main focus is with methodical work and knowledge. There also…show more content…
Conventional medicine, takes into account principles, still depends mostly on medications and surgical operations. This will be more effective for administering critical situations or quick-fixes, but it’s less effective for healing chronic diseases. Furthermore, it is expensive. Alternative medications are more cost effective, it ensures strong results, but it’s also a healing process and may not be a legitimate solution for a quick answer for the patient.
Conventional medicine relies discretely on chemically manufactured drugs; alternative medicine uses natural elements such as herbs as remedying substances. Alternative medicine also utilizes ancient methods of treating diseases, such as acupuncture, massage, and yoga. Conventional medicine puts more efforts on logical methods of diagnosing and treatment, although acupuncture and massage are applied on a steady basis.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Alternative and conventional medicines have distinctive approaches when it comes to treatments and healing diseases. Conventional medicine often visualizes the disease by itself and concentrates focuses more on a quicker fix than on different approaches.
Prescribed Drugs with CAMs (Complementary and Alternative Medicine )
Paper , Order, or Assignment Requirements
A 35-year-old male, Mr. NX, presents to your clinic today with complaints of back pain and “just not feeling good.” Regarding his back, he states that his back pain is a chronic condition that he has suffered with for about the last 10 years. He has not suffered any specific injury to his back. He denies weakness of the lower extremities, denies bowel or bladder changes or dysfunction, and denies radiation of pain to the lower extremities and no numbness or tingling of the lower extremities. He describes the pain as a constant dull ache and tightness across the low back.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Did you know you get a free plagiarism report, free title page, free bibliography and 24/7 email and phone support once you place an order on All A+ Essays? I thought you should knowHe states he started a workout program about 3 weeks ago. He states he is working out with a friend who is a body builder. He states his friend suggested taking Creatine to help build muscle and Coenzyme Q10 as an antioxidant so he started those medications at the same time he began working out. He states he also takes Kava Kava for his anxiety and garlic to help lower his blood pressure.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is very popular with patients frequently combining it with orthodox health care. The high prevalence of CAM use and satisfaction with CAM reported by patients directly challenges an orthodox system that can only approve such use if it results from the application of biomedical concepts and science. Studies highlighting this as a cultural, sociological and historical phenomenon emphasise the value of choice for consumers of health care. Musculoskeletal conditions typify common problems for which the effectiveness of orthodox care is often unclear. We postulated that the reasons people give for using or not using CAM for musculoskeletal conditions, would therefore indicate the full range of expectations that people have of health care. Furthermore, these reasons would indicate how much people feel orthodox health care is or is not meeting their expectations. Therefore, this study aims to investigate people’s reasons for choosing or avoiding CAM for non-traumatic musculoskeletal conditions.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Methods
A systematic search and narrative synthesis was conducted of published qualitative and quantitative studies related to CAM and non-traumatic musculoskeletal conditions.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Results
We identified 169 relevant papers detailing 152 separate studies, from which 1486 justifications were extracted concerning CAM use. Content analysis resulted in 11 distinct categories across four themes: practical aspects of care, clinical effectiveness, non-clinical outcomes of care, and a person’s philosophy of illness and care. People provided similar rationales for both using and avoiding CAM, emphasising that, whilst CAM is perceived by many patients with musculoskeletal conditions to fill gaps in care (such as practitioner time or quality of the therapeutic relationship), orthodox care also seeks to deliver these aspects of care. However, people who used CAM also highlighted its alignment with their general philosophy and ideas about illness and health care, and often emphasised CAM’s capacity to give them control over their condition and its treatment.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Conclusion
Currently, CAM appears to have a significant role for patients with common painful long-term conditions in providing choices to enable individual needs to be met.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Figures
Citation: Corp N, Jordan JL, Croft PR (2018) Justifications for using complementary and alternative medicine reported by persons with musculoskeletal conditions: A narrative literature synthesis. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0200879. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200879
Editor: Denis Martin, Teesside University, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: May 12, 2016; Accepted: May 28, 2018; Published: July 19, 2018
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The literature searches and synthesis were supported by an Arthritis Research UK Strategic Award (http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/) awarded to PRC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The model of modern orthodox scientific Western medical practice can be summarised as ‘find the pathological disease underlying a patient’s illness and treat it; identify causal mechanisms underlying the disease and prevent it occurring in the first place’. The sick patient gets better; the incidence of disease declines. Musculoskeletal conditions, in total estimated to be the commonest reason for disability globally [1], contain examples of the application and success of this traditional model—the prevention of rickets, joint replacements for patients with osteoarthritis, and drugs which target and counter inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
There is no single model of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Some therapies, such as herbal remedies, may be developed, tested and applied entirely within the orthodox biomedical framework. Others, such as traditional acupuncture, have a philosophy and principles of action which do not originate and may not fit with orthodox Western medical science. For many people, this makes much CAM implausible and beyond justification as a rational approach to ill-health.
However, there is now widespread acceptance that Western medicine, for all its successes in diagnosing and treating disease, needs a wider view of the sick person than biology and pathology alone provide and must set care in the wider context of a patient’s personal, emotional, social and cultural life, especially for long-term illness such as common musculoskeletal conditions (back pain, osteoarthritis) for which ‘scientific cures’ are often lacking. This reflects the importance of patient autonomy, self-care, choice and expectations, and growing evidence that wider components of care beyond biomedical treatments can improve response to those treatments [2]. Belief in the potential of a treatment to help, for example, and the shared expectation of patient and clinician in its likely success may have powerful effects in relieving musculoskeletal pain [3].
Attention to this wider context of care has been a feature of the traditional healer in societies across the world, and researchers and CAM proponents have argued that this, and placing support for self-care at the heart of the consultation in many types of CAM, is what CAM can deliver [4,5]. Others have argued that this wider care, although important, should only be built around scientifically proven interventions. Orthodox Western practitioners such as family doctors would also argue that this wider care has long been an important component of conventional health care anyway [6]. Yet CAM is very popular, especially among patients with musculoskeletal conditions [7], and the prevalence of CAM use has been increasing for many years, with patients often combining it with orthodox health care [8,9]. This high volume of use and satisfaction with CAM reported by patients is a direct challenge to a conventional system that can only sanction such use if it results from the application of biomedical concepts and science. It has been studied as a cultural, sociological and historical phenomenon, with conclusions that emphasise the value of choice for consumers of health care [10,11].
Musculoskeletal conditions typify common problems for which the effectiveness of orthodox care is often unclear. We hypothesised that the reasons people give for using or not using CAM for musculoskeletal conditions would highlight the full range of expectations that people have of health care. Furthermore, these reasons would indicate how much people feel orthodox health care is or is not meeting their expectations.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
We therefore set out to identify and categorise the body of reasons that people give for seeking out and using CAM for musculoskeletal conditions and the reasons others avoid it, by conducting a systematic search and narrative synthesis of literature related to CAM and musculoskeletal medicine.
Methods
Research question
In people with non-traumatic musculoskeletal conditions, what are the justifications given for choosing, continuing, avoiding or discontinuing CAM?
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Types of studies.
Quantitative and qualitative studies of any design were included. Intervention studies were only included if participants were able to choose whether they were allocated to CAM therapy or not and their reasons for choice reported. We did not restrict searches by country or date. However, for practical reasons, all non-English language articles were excluded, as were conference abstracts and studies where the full text could not be retrieved.
Types of participants.
Individuals of any age, sex or ethnicity with non-traumatic musculoskeletal conditions were included, whether from a general or specific population e.g. primary care and disease/condition specific population. Studies of post-operative pain, trauma-related conditions e.g. acute sprains and fractures, and conditions that were primarily neurological e.g. multiple sclerosis, were excluded if no other non-traumatic musculoskeletal condition was included.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Types of interventions.
We included any intervention considered a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), defined as “…‥health care approaches developed outside of mainstream Western, or conventional, medicine for specific conditions or overall well-being.” [12], whether it was being used alongside (complementary) or instead of (alternative) orthodox biomedical healthcare.
CAM covers a large and diverse range of interventions. A list of specific CAM therapies and treatment modalities was devised based on the operational definition identified by the Cochrane Collaboration [13,14], database subject headings, and CAM therapies listed by NHS Evidence, Wikipedia and Natural Therapy Pages [15–17]. This included both practitioner-based care, and self-treatment using over-the-counter products e.g. homeopathic remedies and herbal preparations. Studies concerning psychotherapeutic interventions were excluded.
To summarise, inclusion criteria for screening were:
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
A non-traumatic musculoskeletal condition
If an intervention study, participants were given the choice of whether to use CAM or not
Justifications for using or not using CAM were explicitly provided by participants
Original report of an empirical study
Measures or descriptions of justification
The focus of this review was on any measurement or description concerning individuals’ justifications for use or choice of CAM. This included justifications to begin or continue use of CAM (this may include specific facilitators), and any justifications for not using or discontinuing use of CAM (this may include specific barriers).Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Search method
A comprehensive search strategy was designed to capture as much of the relevant literature as possible. Systematic searches were conducted across six electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ASSIA, AMED and Web of Science) from inception to July 2011. The searches were rerun in February 2017 (see ‘Update and assessment of robustness’ section below). The search strategy utilised text word searching in the title or abstract along with the database Subject Headings and combined terms for: i.) General or specific CAM therapies; ii.) General or specific musculoskeletal conditions; and iii.) Justification for CAM use (see S1 Appendix for full search strategy for OVID MEDLINE). For the other databases search terms were adapted to the search capabilities of the database platform.
In addition, key journals not fully indexed in the online databases searched were hand searched (Social Theory and Health, Anthropology and Medicine and European Journal of Integrative Medicine), and reference lists from relevant articles, including all those included in the review, were checked.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Study selection
The initial screening of papers by title was conducted by one reviewer (NC) by excluding clearly irrelevant articles. At this stage these were primarily articles about non-musculoskeletal conditions e.g. varicose veins and multiple myeloma, or where the intervention was an orthodox approach e.g. a specific drug therapy or physiotherapy.
The abstracts of the remaining articles were then assessed independently by two reviewers (NC and JJ) for relevance and were excluded by agreement. The reason for excluding each paper was recorded. In addition to condition and intervention, many non-English language and conference abstracts (where no full text article could be found) were identified for exclusion. If it was unclear as to whether a publication was relevant or not, it was included for the next stage. Full text copies of all remaining papers were then obtained and matched against the inclusion criteria.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
The process of selecting studies for inclusion or exclusion.
All full texts were assessed for inclusion by one reviewer (NC), with the two other reviewers (JJ and PC) independently screening separate samples to check consistency (n = 50 and n = 24 respectively, representing 11% of the total). There was a high level of agreement between the reviewers (96% and 100% agreement respectively for each of the two ‘second’ reviewers) on which articles to include and exclude. Disagreements were documented and resolved between the reviewers. The number of excluded papers was recorded according to the reason.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Data extraction
A data extraction form was specifically designed for the review and used to record relevant information from each study in a spreadsheet (see S2 Appendix). Data extraction from each paper involved identifying all distinctive justifications mentioned in that paper, drawing on survey results, qualitative quotes from individuals, and any themes or items extracted by the paper’s authors. One reviewer (NC) conducted the data extraction from all papers and a sample was independently checked by a second reviewer (JJ). The following information was extracted:Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
study design
sample size
study setting
country
age of participants
percentage of female participants
medical condition(s)
CAM therapy/type
justification for CAM use
Data synthesis
To comprehensively explore all justifications for CAM use by individuals with non-traumatic musculoskeletal conditions, inclusion of both quantitative and qualitative research was necessary. A narrative synthesis process was used to enable the different forms of evidence to be combined, informed by guidance produced by Popay et al. [18].
Identification of categories.
Content analysis was used to categorise textual data. Using the data entered in the spreadsheet, a list of all the justifications recorded from each paper was produced alongside its unique identifier (i.e. a separate ‘ID’ number for each recorded justification). Blinded to other details of the study, justifications were coded using a five step approach to identify and categorise the reasons for CAM use or non-use:
Step 1: Linguistically identical/similar: justifications which were identically phrased or were identical except for linguistic nuances were identified and coded (with an ‘A’ group code) by NC and reviewed by JJ and PC. For example, “expensive drugs” [ID36], “prescription drugs too expensive” [ID49] and “affordable alternative to expensive prescription drugs” [ID480] were all coded as A36.
Step 2: Conceptually identical/similar: justifications which were considered identical/very similar conceptually were identified and coded (with a ‘B’ group code) and provided with a code descriptor by NC and reviewed by JJ and PC. For example, those coded A36 (see above) along with similar justifications coded in Step 1 including “conventional treatment too expensive” [ID961], “cost” [ID372], “low cost compared to medical services” [ID710] and “”stopped going to physical therapy because couldn’t afford it any more“” [ID981] were all given the same code (B30 –which can be summarised here as ‘Motive: CAM cheaper than orthodox care’).
Step 3: Categorisation: justifications from steps 1 and 2 were sorted and grouped to identify broader categories by NC which were coherent and could be designated with a unifying label. During this process there was a point at which no new categories emerged i.e. saturation of categories was attained. Preliminary labels were then assigned to each category. For example, those coded B30 (see above) along with similar justifications including those coded as B139 ‘Barrier: CAM perceived/considered too expensive to try’, B6 ‘Discontinued: too expensive, could not afford’, B191 ‘Continue: cost-effectiveness’ and B273 ‘Motive: CAM covered by insurance’ were labelled ‘COST’.
Step 4: Categories identified and labelled in step 3 were presented to the two ‘second’ reviewers. Discussion between all three reviewers led to minor amendments in the contents and labels of some categories e.g. ‘COST’ was merged into the category ‘ACCESS’. Then, using these amended categories, two reviewers (JJ and PC) independently allocated a randomly selected subset of all justifications to the available categories (consisting of 10% of all phrases in each category as allocated by the lead reviewer). This provided a check on the appropriateness and robustness of the categorisations. Disagreements were documented and resolved through discussion between all three reviewers.
Step 5: Finally, all justifications were arranged according to their assigned category and then were checked again independently by all three reviewers to ensure accuracy and consistency of categorisation.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
Justifications could be assigned to more than one category: this was particularly pertinent for qualitative studies where multiple reasons were often given in one statement.
Update and assessment of robustness
The search was rerun at the beginning of February 2017 and new papers fitting the inclusion criteria were identified. Full texts were retrieved and justifications were identified to check if any additional reasons were given beyond those already described. In this way, the robustness of the categorisation was checked, using the criterion that no new justifications would be identified with the publication of new studies.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
We followed the PRISMA statement guidelines for reporting systematic review of studies that evaluate health care interventions [19], as far as was relevant for this systematic search and narrative synthesis: see S3 Appendix for PRISMA checklist.
Results
One hundred and fifty-two studies, reported in 169 papers (see S4 Appendix for full list of included papers), were identified for inclusion in this narrative synthesis (see Fig 1). Almost three quarters (74.3%) of studies were based in North America (n = 67) and Europe (n = 46, of which UK = 29); however, Asia (n = 16), Australia and New Zealand (n = 12), the Middle East (n = 9) and Africa (n = 2) were also represented.Complementary and Alternative Medicine Essay.
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Elementary Introduction to
Image Processing Based Robots
2009
Acknowledgement
P age |2
• My Senior Sourabh Sankule
• My Friends Mayank and Ashish
• Robotics Club, IIT Kanpur
• Electronics Club, IIT Kanpur
• Centre for Mechatronics, IIT Kanpur
Ankur Agrawal
IIT Kanpur
P age |3
Contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
MATLAB ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
What does MATLAB stand for? …………………………………………………………………………………………4
Getting acquainted with MATLAB …show more content…
Image processing is quite a vast field to deal with. We can identify colors, intensity, edges, texture or pattern in an image. In this tutorial, we would be restricting ourselves to detecting colours (using
RGB values) only.Digital Image Processing Essay.
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Getting acquainted with MATLAB environment
For those who have just finished installing MATLAB on their system and can’t figure out from where to start, no need to worry! This tutorial will first make you well acquainted with its very basics and then move further.Digital Image Processing Essay.
So, a typical MATLAB 2009 window looks like:
Ankur Agrawal
IIT Kanpur
P age |5
There are 4 main windows:
Command window: This is the main window where you write the commands, as well as see the outputs. In other words, here is your interaction with the software.
Command History: As the name suggests, it shows the list of the commands recently used in chronological order. Hence, you can double click on a command to execute it again.
Current directory: It is the default directory (folder) for saving your files. All the files which you make (like m-files, as discussed later) are saved here and can be accessed from here directly. The location of the current directory is shown in the toolbar at the top. You can change it by changing the address here.Digital Image Processing Essay.
INTRODUCTION 1.1 IMAGE PROCESSING Image processing is defined as the process of converting an image into digital form and performing certain operations on it. These operations are performed so that enhanced image can be obtained from the original image or we can extract some useful information from the original image. The image processing is a type of signal dispensation in which the input is an image which is usually in the form of video frames, photograph etc. The output of the image processing can be image or characteristics that are associated with that input image. Usually image processing considers images like two dimensional signals, where we apply already set processing set methods on them. With the modern digital technology it is possible to manipulate images (also known as multidimensional signals) with certain systems. These systems ranges from certain digital circuits to parallel computers. The manipulation of the images can be divided into three major categories: 1. Image processing. 2. Image analysis. 3. Image understanding. The image processing includes systems where the input is in the form of image where processing methods have been applied that produces output in the form of images. The output image also represents the parameters that are used in images. These parameters helps in defining the image.Digital Image Processing Essay.
Elementary Introduction to Image Processing Based Robots 2009 Acknowledgement P age |2 • My Senior Sourabh Sankule • My Friends Mayank and Ashish • Robotics Club, IIT Kanpur • Electronics Club, IIT Kanpur • Centre for Mechatronics, IIT Kanpur Ankur Agrawal IIT Kanpur P age |3 Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 MATLAB ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 What does MATLAB stand for? …………………………………………………………………………………………4 Getting acquainted with MATLAB…show more content…
33 Ankur Agrawal IIT Kanpur P age |4 Introduction Here is a small tutorial that suffices you with the basic concepts required to put up eyes on your robot. Trust me, if you are into robotics, you are going to enjoy the next few pages. After all, making “a robot that can see” would really be cool! So let’s get started! A vision based robot has an image acquisition device like a webcam as its eyes. Then we need a processor that can make sense out of those captured images and actuators like dc motors for navigation. One key point to note is that Image Processing has huge computational requirements, and it is not possible to run an image processing code directly on a small microcontroller. Hence, for our purpose, the simplest approach would be to run the code on a computer, which has a webcam connected to it to take the images, and the robot is controlled by the computer via serial or parallel port.Digital Image Processing Essay.
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