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the ice age

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a clue that may indicate the timing of the ice age is found by studying the

 
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How can solar flares affect Earth?

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How can solar flares affect Earth?

a. They are created by reconnection events when two arches on the Sun’s surface cancel each other, so they do not affect Earth significantly.

b. They emit large amount of X-rays and ultraviolet radiation that travel to Earth and increase the ionization of Earth’s upper atmosphere. Flares also emit large amounts of charged particles that are caught by Earth’s magnetic field.

c. They emit large amounts of X-rays and ultraviolet radiation, but at such distance it does not affect Earth due to the inverse-square law.

d. They emit large amounts of X-rays and ultraviolet radiation, which are caught by Earth’s magnetic field and decrease the ionization of Earth’s upper atmosphere.

 
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Why does the Doppler effect detect only radial velocity?

Question

Why does the Doppler effect detect only radial velocity?

a. Only objects moving directly toward or away from the observer can emit waves that can be detected.

b. For objects moving perpendicular to the line of sight, the wavelength shift can be measured only with a great error.

c. In space all bodies either converge or retreat, therefore they have only radial velocity.

d. Motion of a wave source perpendicular to the line of sight cannot cause a wavelength shift because such motion doesn’t make peaks of waves closer together or farther apart.

 
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Explain why ionized calcium can form absorption lines, but ionized hydrogen cannot.

Question

Explain why ionized calcium can form absorption lines, but ionized hydrogen cannot.

a. Neutral calcium contains more than one neutron; neutral hydrogen contains only one. There are no electrons in ionized hydrogen and absorption probability is very low.

b. Neutral calcium contains more than one proton; neutral hydrogen contains only one. Hydrogen cannot be ionized.

c. Neutral calcium contains more than one proton; neutral hydrogen contains only one. Hydrogen cannot absorb photons because of its low mass.

d. Neutral calcium contains more than one electron; neutral hydrogen contains only one. There are no electrons in ionized hydrogen to absorb photons

 
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