St. John Ambulance Service Essay.

 

Saint John Ambulance Service is a charity for healthcare. It was formed in July 1877, in Britain. However it isn’t a national charity; it can be found in 8 other countries around the world (not including many commonwealth countries). But where did this organisation come from? And what do they do?St. John Ambulance Service Essay.

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This essay shall study St. John Ambulance Service.

St. John Ambulance Service is a charitable paramedic service, similar to The Order of Saint John. This is an older order, formed by some of the members of the Knight’s Hospitaller. They merged with monks in a Benedictine Abbey, who were already looking after pilgrims and warriors going to the Holy Land, to become The Order of Saint John. (The Knight’s Hospitallers were one of the many Orders in the Formed in the Medieval Age. They fought in the Crusades, and played a major part in politics in the Europe. Another similar order was the Knight’s Templar, however it was destroyed in the 1300s).

These Knights would also form the St. John Ambulance Service in the late 19th Century. In 1877, some of the remaining Knight’s Hospitaller formed a charitable organisation called “Saint John Ambulance Service”. They would go around train stations and mines, teaching first aid to the workers there. Then, on 14th May 1887, the organisation grew, now teaching everywhere, and providing first aid for events. They also started wearing uniforms. Another Order, St. Andrew Ambulance Service, was given right to work in Scotland, instead of the St. John Ambulance Service. The organisation grew, and spread worldwide. In 1999, the Order of John celebrated 900 years of helping the sick and injured. The current sovereign is Queen Elisabeth II.

But what do they do now? The St. John Ambulance Service still teaches first aid to children and students in schools and universities. The Order is very similar to The Red Cross, however they focus mainly on First Aid, and teaching people how to perform procedures that can save one’s life. They still perform first aid in major events, such as gigs, and festivals. The patients don’t need to pay; however the organisers of the event must pay. There are also groups for first aid that are very similar to scouts. One tries to get promoted to a higher rank. Members can even get national ranks. The groups are for children aged 5 to students in their early 20s. Members in Universities are called LINKS. They are different to the main Order, as they do not have ranks, or ranking.

They have a democratically elected committee. Professional members of the St John Ambulance Service have to wear uniforms. They must have a white shirt, with their logo, a St. John Ambulance Service hat, or baseball cap, black trousers, and a luminous jacket. Their jackets are easy to find, because they are orange and green; the typical colours for a medical service. However they have other uniforms as well. A notable fact is that about 20,000 of the total 43,000 members are either 20 years of age or younger. This shows that the programmes must be very interesting and fun. One must also take note that the members are often faced with the last chance to save someone’s life. If almost half of the members are young, they must be trained very well in order to be given so much trust.

The organisation is international, not just present (just like The Order of Saint John) in the U.K. For example a major eye surgery, famous for its free surgery – “Ophthalmic Hospital in Jerusalem”, is just one of the many hospitals maintained by the Order of Saint John. However the Order of Saint John is a very religious charity, unlike St. John Ambulance Service, which has no set religion. However it is more Christian-orientated. Some of the countries to use St. John Ambulance Service are: U.K, Germany, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Canada, India and Malaysia. They also work for the British Armed Forces abroad. They usually work with the Forces in Germany and Cyprus.St. John Ambulance Service Essay.

St. John Ambulance Service is just one of the many medical charities in the world. They run courses for children as young as 5, to adults. The Order is a great help to society, and they contribute very greatly to us all. But one must remember that lots of the members are young, but that doesn’t stop them from saving people’s lives. St. John Ambulance Service is only one of the many providers of humanitarian aid in this world. Faced with very difficult situations, the courses must show one how to think quickly, and what would be the right, even if painful, decision to make in a life and death situation.St. John Ambulance Service Essay.

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Medical Malpractice Essay.

 

Medical Malpractice The doctor-patient relationship has been defined differently through the years. In the beginning it developed into a “common calling” which meant doctors practiced medicine as a duty to their patients. Laws were developed to protect patients, therefore doctors used proper care and expert skill. In the past six centuries, medical malpractice has increased, which lead to revision and addition to the law. Liability was introduced along with the “GIANT of all torts”, negligence. Now in today’s society, a doctor’s duty is to use reasonable care, skill and judgment in the practice of his/her profession and when negligent, take full responsibility. What is malpractice? Malpractice is negligence. Negligence is a tort. A tort is a civil wrong, therefore malpractice is a civil wrong. In its simplest terms, malpractice has four essential elements: 1) Duty.Medical Malpractice Essay.

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Every health care provider assumes a duty when starting consultations, diagnosis, or treatment of a patient. The duty arises from an expressed or implied contract. 2) Breach. For example, if you fail to make a correct diagnosis once you have assumed the duty to do so, you have created a “breach of duty”, due and owing to the patient. 3) Causal Connection. Your failure to correctly diagnose, (“duty” you “breached”) the duty due and owing to the patient and as a direct and proximate cause of your breach, caused damages. 4) Damages. The result of your failure to diagnose correctly, the patient sustained damages in the form of an additional hospital stay, complications that may or may not be of a permanent and continuing nature. (Brooten Jr., Kenneth E. p. 1) Negligence is the most common civil suit filed against doctors. Liability for negligence will not be found unless the following factors are present: (a) the defendant must owe a duty to the plaintiff to exercise care; (b) the defendant must breach the standard of care established by law for his/her conduct; (c) the plaintiff must suffer loss or injury as a result of this breach; (d) the conduct of the defendant must be the “proximate cause” of the plaintiff’s loss or injury. ( Picard, Ellen I. p. 29) In the case of Adderly v. Bremner (Picard, Ellen I. p. 461) the defendant physician was negligent in not changing the syringes to vaccinate 38 patients and instead used one needle for every two patients. As a consequence, the plaintiff was infected with septicemia (blood poisoning). This doctor failed to give the required standard of care. Any reasonable doctor would have in fact changed the syringe after each patient and would have foreseen the consequences for not changing them. According to the case the doctor did not follow instructions accompanying the vaccine, stressing the fact that a sterile needle and syringe were to be used for each patient.Medical Malpractice Essay. This case is a perfect example of a doctor not following orders and unprofessionally practicing on innocent patients. Though the plaintiff was not mortally injured, the doctor was found liable. This teaches the defendant physician a lesson along with doctors all across Canada and may prevent another patient from unnecessary suffering. Another common civil tort filed against doctors is battery. Battery is committed by intentionally bringing about harmful or offensive contact with another. The basis of this tort is that the touching is without consent. (Picard, Ellen I. p. 25) In the case of Hankai v. York County Hosp. (Picard, Ellen I. p. 490) the defendant doctor performed surgery on the plaintiff to remove a miscarried fetus. The defendant also performed a meatotomy without the consent of the plaintiff. The defendant doctor was liable for battery for performing the unconsented – to meatotomy. There are several other cases just like this one where a patient consents for one operation and given another or both. How a doctor can take the decision of a competent human being into his own hands is beyond me. The plaintiff was in no immediate danger, the defendant could have suggested the second operation after the completion of the first. In cases like these the doctor is incredibly egotistical and is playing God. Physicians who ignore patient requests or fail to ask for consent only build communication barriers and ruin the profession’s reputation. Many people believe doctors are the real victims. They feel doctors are confined from performing and medical students limit career options in fear of being sued. There are some illegitimate and ungrateful citizens who insist on filing suits when doctors are not at fault. When a family member dies, the loss may cause anger and looking for a doctor to sue seems like the right thing to do. It is human nature to always look for a party at fault in any tragedy. Doctors’ fears of malpractice awards also result in bad medical care. New procedures carry a higher risk of harm and second guessing later, so doctors stick to conventional treatments, even in terminal cases, for fear the treatment may hasten the patient’s death. The opposite is also true, both overtesting and overtreating are standard methods of beating malpractice suits. Thousands of unneeded surgeries are performed each year. Expensive technology is regularly misused – CAT scans to diagnose simple headaches, for example. Also, the few plaintiff’s who win unrealistically high awards raise insurance costs for all doctors. (Nolo Press editors, # 32) In fact, the Canadian Medical Protective Association has announced a 20 % increase in premiums for 1996. ( Canada News Wire 12 Dec. ’95) It is my opinion though, that by insisting on settlements more doctors take extra care and look for a second opinion. As long as doctors take extra care they should have no fear. If they do, they know they’re doing something wrong. More and more doctors everyday make lethal mistakes causing death, pain and suffering, brain damage or scarring. These mistakes must be brought out into the open and damages to the victim should be awarded. Fewer than 5% of the people injured while under medical care receive any compensation. (Nolo Press editors, #32) To add to the grief, the plaintiff is injured twice: first by faulty medicine, then by a famously slow legal system. To win a medical malpractice lawsuit, the injured must prove who caused the injury. This can be an extremely difficult task given the complexities of modern medicine, and the common reaction of doctors, which is to cover up their mistakes. The majority of those who do sue, do not fair well; only 20% win. The few patients who do succeed, wait an average of seven years before getting a penny. (Nolo Press editors, #32) Unfortunately, the price Canada pays for these suits is enormous. In 1982, Canada spent $ 4 532 292 in legal costs. That is $ 4 524 676 more then what we paid in 1950. In 1982 one out of every 244 doctors was successfully sued. The average sum of awards paid by doctors in 1982 was $ 38 941.18 whereas in 1971 it was $ 8 634. (Picard, Ellen I. p. 347) Many people believe we are in a “malpractice crisis” and another mode of compensating patients should be found. A no-fault method to compensate all patients while under medical care is being considered. This method would: a) quickly compensate all who have suffered harm as a result of medical treatment, regardless of how it occurred; b) give doctors incentives to root out and expose the causes of medical error; c) base a victim’s economic recovery on actual economic loss – medical costs, loss of income and disability – plus, where there is long-term or permanent disability, a reasonable amount for lost quality of life and d) handle compensation through a provincial – run Injured Patients Board, which could track information with a Medical Board that could monitor doctors. (Nolo Press editors, #32) I cannot see this form of compensation working. It would be abused by money-seekers and insufficient for the genuinely hurt. I also do not believe we are in a crisis situation. Medical Malpractice Essay.According to the Canada News Wire the government has been paying supplements to help physicians with an expected escalation in lawsuits, similar to that experienced in the U.S. As it turned out, Canada did not follow the U.S example and the reserve has grown to about $200 million in1988 to nearly $1 billion. ( Canada News Wire 12 Dec. ’95) Along with the statistics of how few people win suits, it is clear to me that we are not in any present trouble. We may very well find ourselves in a crisis situation if our doctors do not perform with extreme care. Everyday people depend on them and trust them. We need physicians to attempt to save lives at the best of their ability. If a doctor happens to create a breach of duty that causes damages, they should take full responsibility. When a person chooses to be a physician, they choose to render their services to society. They choose to care for people. By choosing to care, they should feel for the people they hurt when an error is made. They should
want to give some form of compensation. Though we may not be in a crisis situation now, it’s not to far down the road. Canada must undergo some serious changes in the coming years. Doctors attitudes must change along with the compensation system. Whether we keep the present system, and make some changes, or try the no-fault system, we could lessen the pressing problems. In either case, something must be done before the hospital is considered more dangerous than a lion’s den. Bibliography n Picard, Ellen I. Legal Liability of Doctors and Hospitals in Canada. 2nd ed. Toronto, Ont.: The Carswell Company Limited, 1984. n Brooten, Kenneth E. Jr. Malpractice: A Guide to Avoidance and Treatment. Orlando, Fla.: Grune ; Stratton Inc., 1987. n Nolo Press editors. Fed up with the legal system? : What’s Wrong and How to Fix it. 2nd ed. United States of America : Nolo Press, 1994. ( Internet: Fed up #32. Compensate Medical Malpractice Victims) n “Government to Rally Support Against Physicians’ High Insurance Costs” Canada News Wire. [Toronto] 12 Dec. 1995. (Internet) n Taylor, John Leathy. Medical Malpractice. Great Britain: John Wright & Sons Ltd., 1980. n Law, Sylvia and Steven Polan. Pain and Profit: The Politics of Medical Malpractice. New York, NY.: Harper and Row Publishers, 1978.Medical Malpractice Essay.

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