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Treatments and Use of Human Embryos Essay.

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Treatments and Use of Human Embryos Essay.

 

Roman Catholics say they are against the use of human embryos in scientific research, as it says “Don’t you know you yourselves are God’s temple, and that God’s spirit lives in you? If anyone destroys God’s temple, God will destroy him, for God’s temple is sacred and you are the temple,” 1 Corinthians 3:16-17. This is saying that life is sacred and it should no be treated lightly, so Roman Catholics would see experimentation of human embryos as “gravely immoral,” Pope John Paul II. They believe that no human being can be seen as a means to an end, and that the demands of science do not take precedence over individual human persons, especially when defenceless.

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However, the Church of England disagree, saying that the benefits of experimentation on human embryos outweighs the potential danger, as diseases such as Parkinson’s or cystic fibrosis could be cured. They agree with the H that embryos up to 14 days old can be used, but embryos should not be made solely for scientific research. They believe that perhaps human discovery and intervention can also be thought of as resulting from the exercise of God-given powers of mind and reason. Some think that these powers are part of what it means to be made in the “image of God” as it says in Genesis 1:26. The Baptist Church agrees that technology is a “gift from God” but they say it can be abused, which the Church of England support, saying that just because science means new methods can be used, doesn’t mean whatever can be done should be done. However the Roman Catholic disagrees with these churches regarding research on embryos, saying that “No object even though noble in itself, such as a foreseeable advantage to science, to other human beings, or to society can in anyway justify experimenting on living human embryos, either inside or outside of the mother’s womb,” Pope John Paul II.Treatments and Use of Human Embryos Essay.

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“I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born,” Jeremiah 1:5. This passage emphasises that God gives life and he plans it before the child is born, and God knows about the child before its birth. Therefore this passage could be said to be opposing fertility treatments that enable infertile couple to have a child, as some Christians believe that perhaps the couple’s infertility is part of God’s plan, and that Children and a gift from God that he would give if that was his will. Children are not a right. “The Lord gave and now he has taken away. May his name be praised,” Job 1:21, this passage supports the belief that it should be God’s will for a couple to have a child, as life is a gift from God.

Roman Catholics believe that fertility treatments such as AID are unacceptable, as any conception of a child involving a donor sperm or egg bring a third adult into the marriage, which is seen as “mechanical adultery.” In Exodus 20 it says, “You shall not be guilty of adultery,” so Roman Catholics would see AID as a sin if adultery is committed. Some Catholics believe that the “sacrament” of marriage is affected if a couple in the hope of having children uses AID. They accept AIH because it does not introduce a third person into the marriage, but the Church of England agree with both AID and AIH as they believe that the couple may deserve a second chance to have children, as children are a gift of God and a blessing to a couple.Treatments and Use of Human Embryos Essay.

The Pope and the Roman Catholic Church has condemned surrogate motherhood, as it “strikes at the heart of the dignity of motherhood” Pope John Paul II and that society depends on stable and loving families, that could be threatened the introduction of a surrogate mother.

Christian attitudes to fertility treatments and the use of human embryos in scientific research are very varied and so many Christians would say that an informed “conscience is of paramount importance,” as Cardinal Basil Hume said.Treatments and Use of Human Embryos Essay.

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Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

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Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

 

Researchers can therefore be said to benefit those who have the most influence on the way in which data is analysed and those that have greatest access to the results of that analysis. In general these are not the people subjected to the research process and again the argument can be made that the research process itself disadvantages groups of people because of the power inherent in the position of ‘researcher’. This is a particularly thorny issue for youth and community workers who seek to work in ways that are anti-oppressive and who have a commitment to the challenging oppressive practices.Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

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What stance do we take when faced with a need to research, an inherent quality of which involves disadvantaging the very groups we seek to serve. Do we have the right to conduct research ‘on’ disadvantage groups in the name of knowledge especially when that knowledge is only needed for the purposes of academic qualifications? Ethically then CDA and all other forms of social research must be carried out in such a way that the potential for reconstructing oppressive practices and perpetuating the interests of the dominant and powerful, is constantly on the agenda.Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

Researchers therefore have a moral and ethical obligation to those involved in or affected by the research undertaken to the point that ‘being ethical limits the choices we can make in pursuit of the truth. Ethics say that whilst truth is good, respect for human dignity is better, even if in the extreme case, the respect of human nature leaves on ignorant of human nature’ (Cavan in Cohen et al, 2000:56). Ethics in social research is a subject of much debate not least concerning the need for guidelines. May identifies two approaches to the issue of guidelines, deontological and consequentialist.

The deontological approach, based on the work of Kant, says ‘ethical judgments in social research would – follow a set of principles which guide the conduct of the research itself. Research ethics takes on a universal form and is intended to be followed regardless of the place and circumstances’ (May, 2001:60). Consequentialist however argue that such guidelines would never cover all eventualities and that ethical considerations arise from particular instances. Decisions therefore need to be made in the context within which research is being conducted and with the consequences of research firmly in mind.Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

Both points of view are however problematical. Whilst consequentialists may be correct in assuming that guidelines can never cover all eventualities, their ‘leave it to the researcher’ approach leaves the way open for unscrupulous practice. But the fact that there is no one right or wrong way of determining ethical behaviour does not mean that ethical issues can be ignored. On the contrary the very multiplicity of ethical issues that may arise in research means that ethical considerations should be the basis on which most research decisions are made.

In general most ethical research debates concern informed consent, respect for privacy, confidentiality or anonymity, an awareness of the possibility of harm to the researched and the use of deceit or covert research. Informed consent advocates that participants in research should be fully informed of the work in which they are being asked to take part and that they should be given the option of saying no or withdrawing at any time. The background, purpose and method of research should be clearly explained together with an explanation of the possible uses to which results may be put.

Unfortunately the power relationships between researchers and researched can affect the quality of informed consent, since it assumes an equal relationship in which people feel able to say no. Cohen et al argue that informed consent perpetuates the one sided nature of research since ‘it may leave relatively privileged groups under-researched (since they will say no) and underprivileged groups over-researched (they have nothing to lose and ‘yes’ in hope)’ (Cohen et al, 2000:58).Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

There are also difficulties involved in obtaining the informed consent of parties other than the intended research group, as for example in the case of children, where the informed consent of parents is needed before they can be approached. Children can therefore be effectively silenced by the need for informed consent since adults have the power to say no on their behalf. This is therefore particularly problematic for those involved in the field of youth since much of their research will be carried out with young people for which parental consent will be necessary.

Respect for privacy raises issues concerning sensitive material and the balance needed in reporting private issues in the public domain. Anonymity appears fairly unproblematic on one level, but on closer inspection difficulties life in the extent to which a piece of research can maintain this. Small scale studies (such as those carried out by discourse analysts) have the potential to identify participants without naming names, and researchers need to be aware of this.

Confidentiality is another area in which great care is needed since child protection policies can specify clear instances in which confidentiality, and for that matter anonymity and privacy, could and should be breached. An awareness of the possible harm that taking part in research studies can do to participants needs to be considered at every level and honesty about the extent to which the researcher can control this is vital. Informed consent is often viewed as a ‘get out’ clause for some researchers (I am not one of them) who would argue that participants knew what they were getting into since consent

‘places some of the responsibility on the participant should anything go wrong in the research’ (Cohen et al, 2000:51). But the argument about possible harm becomes less clear when one considers the extent to which the researcher has control on the use to which his/her research is put. Funders may use the research for their own purposes irrespective of the researcher’s intent and responsibility to funders/sponsors of research involves another delicate balancing act in serving the interests of both parties.

The use of deceit and covert observations as a research method are generally assumed to be unethical although there is an acceptance that some forms of research, for example, those which may represent a risk to the researcher (i. e. undercover investigations of criminal behaviour) and those in which it is almost impossible to obtain information openly, can be seen as acceptable because the researcher has put themselves at risk. However, this aspect of ethical practice is more involved that is first thought especially for CDA research methods that need to research ‘naturally occurring’ language.Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

If our social world is created within the relationships between people then it stands to reason that interaction between the researcher and the researched will change the way people behave and any language used as research can only be viewed as that which occurs when participants know they are being observed. This will prevent the acquisition of ‘naturally occurring’ talk and therefore has the potential to invalidate the research. That said CDA also uses a wide range of text and talk to provide data for analysis.Health and Social Research Methods Essay.

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Medical assistance Long-term Essay.

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Medical assistance Long-term Essay.

 

Application of Research in Social Services Research and development in any large corporation such as General Electric, Cisco, or Microsoft, the application of statistical and economical data can help to make the best use of available data and apply it towards the development of better products. Large corporations place billions of dollars each year into research and development trying to improve technology and find the best ways to apply the new technologies towards improving the lives of consumers.Medical assistance Long-term Essay.

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The Social Science field is no different in this manner. Human Services agencies need to be able to apply the most current theories and data found in published articles relating to the application of research on social services towards providing better services to its clients. Like scientists that apply scientific knowledge and data to develop new technologies the social services, researchers must apply statistics, economic data, and behavioral studies to make the delivery of social services more productive.Medical assistance Long-term Essay.

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As the application of social services is costly and takes a good part of the states operating budget, state social services must also be good stewards of public funds they are trusted with and apply them where they will do the most good for the human population. For the purpose of this authors reflection on the application of research on the Social Sciences the most relevant agency to study is the leading Social Service provider in the state of Washington.

This agency is the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) and like any large corporation, they need to be able to convert social and economic data into workable and manageable social programs. Research and Development and Department of Social and Health Services With an annual budget of over eight billion dollars the Department of Social and Health Services represents about one third of the states budget. “The agency serves one in five state residents, 1. 3 million people and two of five state children and youth by biennium end.

” (DSHS 2004) The management of over 60 human services programs depends highly on a staff of specialized social engineers and statisticians who convert current scientific, behavioral, and economic data and research into successful social service programs. These social science researchers from DSHS Research and Data Analysis Division the must be able to transform a wealth of statistical data into a form of information that can be understood and implemented into successful programs by both practitioners and DSHS policy makers.

The DSHS Research and Data Analysis Division “The mission of the Research and Data Analysis Division (RDA) provides valid, rigorous, and policy-relevant analyses of government-funded social and health services in the State of Washington”. (DSHS 2004) A brief overview of the many services provided by this unit of DSHS is that the RDA provides analytical information to policy makers and program managers. “They answer their customer’s questions regarding risk, need, demand, use, supply, cost and outcomes of the human services programs provided to the public.

” (DSHS 2004) Below are listed some of over sixty human service programs provided to the public.  Economic assistance Food stamps  Medical assistance  Long-term care for the frail, elderly and persons who are disabled  Investigative and protective services for abused or neglected children and dependant elders  Mental health treatment Alcohol and other drug treatment Vocational rehabilitation for persons with disabilities  Community and institutional care for persons with developmental disabilities  Child care subsidies.

Institutional and community services for juvenile offenders  Refugee services (DSHS 2004)While one considers the broad range of the services provided by DSHS, the successful management of data and information gathered by the research and analysis division makes a significant impact on the development of new programs and helps the state wisely manage the taxpayers’ funds. (DSHS 2004) Specialized Research of Clients and the Programs they use A unique service that RDA provides is the specialized analysis of the clients that use DSHS’s multiple services.Medical assistance Long-term Essay.

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Mental Health Needs Essay.

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Mental Health Needs Essay.

 

This essay will explore the different forms of empowerment in relation to people with disabilities. Firstly it will define what is meant by disability and will then look at what empowerment is. The essay will look at the difference between empowerment and advocacy and will explain about enabling and disabling environments. The second part of the essay will examine four case studies in relation to the enabling environment. These case studies are part of a service called the enabling project provided by PSS in Liverpool to allow disabled people to access the environment.Mental Health Needs Essay.

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This part will establish whether or not the clients see this service as enabling or disabling and whether they are empowered by the service that they are receiving. When many people try to define disability they confuse it with the person being in ill health. Disability depends on the environment that the person is in and upon who is doing that defining. The DDA’s definition of disability is “Either a physical or mental impairment, which has a substantial and long term adverse effect on a persons ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities. ” (Curtis 1996 pg23).Mental Health Needs Essay.

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For many years disability and disabled people have been the financial stability for many people involved within the caring profession. In the 1970s, disabled people used their personal experiences of disability and institutional life to show that it wasn’t their impairments, which caused the problem, but it was the way in which society failed to make any allowances for their differences. This was what was known as The Social Model of Disability. This model discusses and analyses disability. It explains disablement is the result of barriers, which prevent people with impairments choosing to take part in the society.

This has allowed the perception of disability to be seen as a problem. The disability rights movement sort to inform people of the lack of rights that a disabled person faced in every day life. The social model doesn’t disagree that there is an existence of impairments and physiological differences but instead it tries to address those differences without attaching the stigmatising effects of disablement that often also reaches beyond the disabled person but brings disadvantage to their friends and family.

The Disability Discrimination Act says that the inability to carry out activities is caused by a person’s impairment or impairments. For example, you are not able to walk because of your impairment or impairments this is what is known as medical model of disability because the causes of disability are attributed only to the disabled persons medical conditions. The Act specifies that a person has a disability if she or he has a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long term effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day to day activities if it affects one or more of the following:

Mobility of a person  Physical co-ordination  Manual dexterity  Ability to lift, carry or move everyday objects  Continence Eyesight (unless it is rectified by glasses or contact lenses)  Hearing  Speech  Memory or ability to concentrate or learn or understand  Perception of the risk and danger. The social model does not limit the description of activities. It takes a wider perspective that the ability to undertake such activities is dependent upon society and social intervention.

It can therefore be seen that the limitation of activities that a disabled person can participate in is not caused by their impairments but is a consequence of societies in ability to accommodate difference. Hence this is why it is called social model of disability. For example, you are in a wheelchair because you can not walk (impairment): but you cannot access buildings because the building has not been designed with your need in mind. You cannot get through the door because they are not wide enough (you are disabled by a failure of social organisation). However this has to be changed by law by 2004.

Part M of the Buildings Regulation Act states that every new building should be built with disabled access and that every other building should be adapted accordingly. Because the medical model uses impairment to account for disability, it can therefore be said that disability is the persons inability to participate because of that persons impairment or impairments, means that people with impairments will always be seen as being inferior, or second rate to the non disabled person. The social model focuses on those aspects of society, which disable people face such as discrimination and disability.Mental Health Needs Essay.

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