Question 1.1. (TCO 7) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a

fatal disorder characterized by muscle weakness. Stumbling when walking or difficulties using a hand are typically early symptoms. Individuals with ALS lose the ability to consciously control movement, though cognitive and sensory functions generally remain unimpaired. There is currently no cure for ALS. Given the symptoms of ALS, what part of the nervous system is functioning abnormally? 

       Autonomic nervous system

       Central nervous system

       Motor system

       Sympathetic division

Question 2.

2. (TCO 7) The human eye is an incredible organ, capable of gathering light to focus on images near and far, in bright light or dim, and with quick adjustments between these extremes. However, eyes can develop problems, such as floaters, which are small particles that interfere with the transmission of light between the lens and the retina, and bloodshot eyes, which occur when irritants, such as dust or smoke, get in the eye. Eyes can become bloodshot when irritants in the eye trigger an increased blood flow to the connective tissue covering the eye. These swollen blood vessels are located on the 

       cornea.

       sclera.

       iris.

       lens.

Question 3.

3. (TCO 7) Osteoarthritis is a common result of aging, affecting persons’ ability to 

       catch their breath after exercise.

       move their joints.

       heal broken bones.

       produce red blood cells.

Question 4.

4. (TCO 7) Which of the following can lead to deafness? 

       Ruptured eardrums

       Prolonged loud noise

       Genetic mutations

       All of the above

Question 5.

5. (TCO 7) Which of the following effects could result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system? 

       Decreased heart rate

       Stimulated digestive organs

       Secretion of epinephrine

       Narrowing of the bronchi

Question 6.

6. (TCO 6) If a person is exposed to radioactive iodine following a nuclear reactor accident, then we would expect that person to be at elevated risk for developing _____ cancer. 

       pancreatic

       adrenal

       pineal

       thyroid

Question 7.

7. (TCO 6) If a person has just eaten a meal with lots of carbohydrates, then we would expect to see a rise in the level of glucose in the blood that would trigger a release of 

       glycogen.

       glucagon.

       insulin.

       tri-iodine thyroxine.

Question 8.

8. (TCO 6) Estrogens stimulate the development of 

       breasts.

       a low-pitched voice.

       sperm production.

       facial hair.

Question 9.

9. (TCO 6) Which of the following is(are) mostly involved in a long-lasting response to stress? 

       Mineralocorticoids

       Glucocorticoids

       Androgens

       Oxytocin

Question 10.

10. (TCO 6) Epinephrine 

       decreases metabolic rate.

       decreases heart rate.

       increases absorption of glucose by the digestive tract.

       increases breathing rate.

Question 11.

11. (TCO 6) Avian influenza is a viral infection that naturally occurs in wild birds with few damaging effects. However, avian influenza is highly contagious and can quickly kill domesticated birds. Some human influenza viruses are similar to the avian influenza. People infected with avian influenza develop typical flu symptoms (fever, cough, muscle aches). However, symptoms may become more severe and life-threatening. If avian influenza evolves into a form that is easily transmissible from person to person, a global pandemic of widespread human death might occur. Which of the following methods do you think would be the best way to test the effectiveness of a vaccine against avian influenza that is intended for human use?

       Give the vaccine to a single mouse that has the virus, and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.

       Give the vaccine to a group of mice that have the virus, and give a placebo to another group of mice that have the virus. Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.

       Give the vaccine to a single human who has the virus, and assess whether influenza symptoms develop.

       Give the vaccine to a group of humans who have the virus, and give a placebo to another group of humans who have the virus. Assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.

Question 12.

12. (TCO 6) A new vaccine has been developed for pertussis. The initial clinical trial on 10,000 adults was divided into live vaccine (3,500), an attenuated vaccine (3,500), and a placebo group (3,000). Of the group that received the live vaccine, three individuals developed the disease, whereas the attenuated virus group had 15 individuals with the disease, and the control group had 30 people develop the disease. Which was the most effective treatment for preventing pertussis? 

       Live virus

       Attenuated virus

       No treatment (placebo)

       There was no difference between the 3 groups

Question 13.

13. (TCO 6) When the adaptive immune system improperly turns against the body’s own molecules, the result is

 an allergy.

       AIDS.

       an autoimmune disease.

       an immunodeficiency disease.

Question 14.

14. (TCO 6) A role of the lymphatic system is to 

       transport histamine.

       produce hormones related to suppressing humoral immune responses.

       produce red blood cells.

       fight infections.

Question 15.

15. (TCO 6) One function of antibodies is to        

deactivate defensive proteins.

       stimulate the production of antigens.

       phagocytose invading bacteria.

       clump foreign cells or antigens.

Question 16.

16. (TCO 5) In sickle cell disease (SCD), a mutation in hemoglobin causes deoxygenated hemoglobin to stick together in long chains, which in turn distorts red blood cells into an elongated, sickle (crescent) shape. In a person with SCD, where would red blood cells with a sickle shape be least likely to be found? 

       Pulmonary arteries

       Pulmonary veins

       Right atrium

       Right ventricle

Question 17.

17. (TCO 5) Systolic pressure occurs 

       when the ventricles relax.

       when the atria contract.

       when the veins contract.

       when the ventricles contract.

Question 18.

18. (TCO 5) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than most people do? 

       The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick closed. Coughing opens them.

       Coughing is the respiratory system’s attempt to clear itself of the thick mucus that is produced in response to smoke exposure.

       Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the lungs; coughing exchanges the resultant dead air.

       Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.

Question 19.

19. (TCO 5) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? 

       Rising carbon monoxide level

       Rising carbon dioxide level

       Falling carbon monoxide level

       Rising carbon dioxide level and falling carbon monoxide level

Question 20.

20. (TCO 5) What structure do worms use for gas exchange? 

       Gills

       Lungs

       Skin

       Tracheae

Question 21.

21. (TCO 5) There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called hypochlorhydria), production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum. Regurgitation of food could indicate 

       Sjögren’s syndrome.

       achlorhydria.

       megaesophagus.

       celiac disease.

Question 22.

22. (TCO 5) On a global scale, the most significant type of malnutrition is

       vitamin A deficiency.

       calcium deficiency.

       iron deficiency.

       protein deficiency.

Question 23.

23. (TCO 5) What do the vitamins biotin and Vitamin K have in common? 

       They are both water-soluble vitamins.

       They are both obtained from meat.

       They are both produced by intestinal bacteria.

       They are both common deficiencies in the human diet.

Question 24.

24. (TCO 5) Together with the small intestine, the _____ absorbs water. 

       stomach

       large intestine

       rectum

       appendix

Question 25.

25. (TCO 5) Bile from the liver is stored in the _____ before entering the intestine. 

       pancreas

       gallbladder

       large intestine

       bile duct

 

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