Question 1)Question 1) The Principle of Reciprocity Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, shared by all major human traditions, that we should treat others the way we want them to treat us Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, found only in western traditions, that we should treat others the way their ancestors treated our ancestors Is also known as compound interest, which is the reciprocal of the discount rate Is also known as the discount rate, and is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the pure rate of time preference Is the way internal combustion engines are designed, with reciprocating pistons that waste fuel to cause global warming 2) Global warming raises issues related to the Golden Rule. How? Most of the warming is being caused by wealthier people in colder places, and most of the damages are suffered by poor people in hot places now, and by people in future generations, so the Golden Rule is not being followed. Most of the warming is being caused by the people who suffer the most from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well. Everyone contributes equally to causing the global warming, and everyone suffers equally from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well. Most of the warming is being caused by poor people in hot places, and most of the damages are suffered by people in the rapidly warming parts of the far north, so the Golden Rule is not being followed. Global warming will cause more formation of gold ores, so everyone will benefit from all the gold. 3) Through international treaty, governments representing almost all of the world’s people have agreed: To avoid dangerous anthropogenic influence on the climate system. To avoid warming of more than 1oC. To avoid warming of more than 2oC. To avoid warming of more than 3oC. To avoid any anthropogenic influence on the climate system that worries some scientists. 4) If we agree to limit warming to less than some specified value such as 2oC or 3oC, that means: Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, but that amount depends at least somewhat on emissions of methane, soot, and other climatically important materials. Humanity can emit as much CO2 as we want if we reduce methane and soot. Humanity must stop emitting all CO2 right now, because we already have warmed more than 2oC. Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, and that amount does not depend at all on emissions of methane, soot, or other climatically important materials. We must immediately emit a lot of methane, nitrous oxide, soot, and other materials to offset the effects of the CO2. 5) Ethically Who should have the right to burn more fossil fuels is an important question, and the people of the world have not yet agreed on the answer Poor people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and rich people shouldn’t, because the rich people have already used up their share of the total allowed emissions Rich people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and poor people shouldn’t, because the rich people drive the economy and that helps poor people Rich people and poor people should have the right to burn exactly the same amount of fossil fuels in the future, because that is the only fair way All fossil fuel burning must stop immediately 6) Economic models used to assess optimal paths for decision-making include: The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future | The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior to buy new clocks when old ones break 7) Economic models that include a positive value for the pure rate of time preference: Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation Produce an optimal path with medium-size actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically of equal importance to our generation 8) CO2 released by fossil-fuel burning will cause climate change. This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models Extinctions have nothing to do with the economy, and it is just silly to discuss extinctions and the economy together. 9) Country-by-country analyses of various economic and other data show that: Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had highest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, but economic growth faster, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be higher, but economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources There is no relation between student performance, economic growth, and reliance on natural resources. 10) The generally poor performance of economies that rely heavily on export of natural resources is called: The resource curse, which may arise in part because people work to control the valuable resource rather than to build an integrated economy The resource curse, which may arise in part because people don’t work hard enough to control the resource The curse of colonialism, which arises entirely because European colonial powers destroyed the native governments of other countries The curse of colonialism, which arises because resource-rich countries work too hard to conquer their neighbors rather than developing the resource The football curse, which arises from the mistaken belief that a football is spherical rather than prolate 11) When we drive a car, we are not positive that we will be hit by a drunk driver, but we buy cars with air bags and seat belts anyway. This idea can be applied to climate change and energy. The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation can be applied even without scientific certainty The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that drunk drivers are certain to happen, so insurance against them is wise, but climate change might not so there is no need to take actions yet The United Nations argued that scientific evidence must be 100% certain before taking actions against climate change The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow so that they are not rear-ended by drunks The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow and on red so that they are not rear-ended by drunks 12) The full scholarship of climate and energy shows: Taking wise actions will make people better off Taking wise actions will make people worse off Taking wise actions will have no effect on people Taking wise actions are unequivocally impossible Climate and energy are unrelated 13) Libertarians are people who generally oppose large governments and intrusive government actions. When considering government actions to reduce climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions: Libertarians probably should favor some actions now because actions can be taken in relatively unintrusive ways that don’t grow the government, and that prevent future disasters likely to lead to government intervention. Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require great growth of governments. Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions to reduce CO2 emissions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require the government we have to become much more intrusive. Libertarians have nothing to say about actions because such actions will not involve governments. Libertarians probably should favor large actions now, even though they absolutely must cause huge growth in government. Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, shared by all major human traditions, that we should treat others the way we want them to treat us Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, found only in western traditions, that we should treat others the way their ancestors treated our ancestors Is also known as compound interest, which is the reciprocal of the discount rate Is also known as the discount rate, and is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the pure rate of time preference Is the way internal combustion engines are designed, with reciprocating pistons that waste fuel to cause global warming 2) Global warming raises issues related to the Golden Rule. How? Most of the warming is being caused by wealthier people in colder places, and most of the damages are suffered by poor people in hot places now, and by people in future generations, so the Golden Rule is not being followed. Most of the warming is being caused by the people who suffer the most from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well. Everyone contributes equally to causing the global warming, and everyone suffers equally from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well. Most of the warming is being caused by poor people in hot places, and most of the damages are suffered by people in the rapidly warming parts of the far north, so the Golden Rule is not being followed. Global warming will cause more formation of gold ores, so everyone will benefit from all the gold. 3) Through international treaty, governments representing almost all of the world’s people have agreed: To avoid dangerous anthropogenic influence on the climate system. To avoid warming of more than 1oC. To avoid warming of more than 2oC. To avoid warming of more than 3oC. To avoid any anthropogenic influence on the climate system that worries some scientists. 4) If we agree to limit warming to less than some specified value such as 2oC or 3oC, that means: Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, but that amount depends at least somewhat on emissions of methane, soot, and other climatically important materials. Humanity can emit as much CO2 as we want if we reduce methane and soot. Humanity must stop emitting all CO2 right now, because we already have warmed more than 2oC. Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, and that amount does not depend at all on emissions of methane, soot, or other climatically important materials. We must immediately emit a lot of methane, nitrous oxide, soot, and other materials to offset the effects of the CO2. 5) Ethically Who should have the right to burn more fossil fuels is an important question, and the people of the world have not yet agreed on the answer Poor people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and rich people shouldn’t, because the rich people have already used up their share of the total allowed emissions Rich people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and poor people shouldn’t, because the rich people drive the economy and that helps poor people Rich people and poor people should have the right to burn exactly the same amount of fossil fuels in the future, because that is the only fair way All fossil fuel burning must stop immediately 6) Economic models used to assess optimal paths for decision-making include: The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future | The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior to buy new clocks when old ones break 7) Economic models that include a positive value for the pure rate of time preference: Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation Produce an optimal path with medium-size actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically of equal importance to our generation 8) CO2 released by fossil-fuel burning will cause climate change. This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models Extinctions have nothing to do with the economy, and it is just silly to discuss extinctions and the economy together. 9) Country-by-country analyses of various economic and other data show that: Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had highest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, but economic growth faster, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources Student performance on international tests tended to be higher, but economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources There is no relation between student performance, economic growth, and reliance on natural resources. 10) The generally poor performance of economies that rely heavily on export of natural resources is called: The resource curse, which may arise in part because people work to control the valuable resource rather than to build an integrated economy The resource curse, which may arise in part because people don’t work hard enough to control the resource The curse of colonialism, which arises entirely because European colonial powers destroyed the native governments of other countries The curse of colonialism, which arises because resource-rich countries work too hard to conquer their neighbors rather than developing the resource The football curse, which arises from the mistaken belief that a football is spherical rather than prolate 11) When we drive a car, we are not positive that we will be hit by a drunk driver, but we buy cars with air bags and seat belts anyway. This idea can be applied to climate change and energy. The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation can be applied even without scientific certainty The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that drunk drivers are certain to happen, so insurance against them is wise, but climate change might not so there is no need to take actions yet The United Nations argued that scientific evidence must be 100% certain before taking actions against climate change The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow so that they are not rear-ended by drunks The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow and on red so that they are not rear-ended by drunks 12) The full scholarship of climate and energy shows: Taking wise actions will make people better off Taking wise actions will make people worse off Taking wise actions will have no effect on people Taking wise actions are unequivocally impossible Climate and energy are unrelated 13) Libertarians are people who generally oppose large governments and intrusive government actions. When considering government actions to reduce climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions: Libertarians probably should favor some actions now because actions can be taken in relatively unintrusive ways that don’t grow the government, and that prevent future disasters likely to lead to government intervention. Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require great growth of governments. Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions to reduce CO2 emissions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require the government we have to become much more intrusive. Libertarians have nothing to say about actions because such actions will not involve governments. Libertarians probably should favor large actions now, even though they absolutely must cause huge growth in government.
Question
1) The Principle of Reciprocity Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, shared by all major
human traditions, that we should treat others the way we want them to treat us
Is also known as the Golden Rule, and is the idea, found only in western traditions, that we should treat others the way their ancestors treated our ancestors
Is also known as compound interest, which is the reciprocal of the discount rate
Is also known as the discount rate, and is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the pure rate of time preference
Is the way internal combustion engines are designed, with reciprocating pistons that waste fuel to cause global warming
2) Global warming raises issues related to the Golden Rule. How?
Most of the warming is being caused by wealthier people in colder places, and most of the damages are suffered by poor people in hot places now, and by people in future generations, so the Golden Rule is not being followed.
Most of the warming is being caused by the people who suffer the most from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well.
Everyone contributes equally to causing the global warming, and everyone suffers equally from the warming, so the Golden Rule is being followed well.
Most of the warming is being caused by poor people in hot places, and most of the damages are suffered by people in the rapidly warming parts of the far north, so the Golden Rule is not being followed.
Global warming will cause more formation of gold ores, so everyone will benefit from all the gold.
3) Through international treaty, governments representing almost all of the world’s people have agreed:
To avoid dangerous anthropogenic influence on the climate system.
To avoid warming of more than 1oC.
To avoid warming of more than 2oC.
To avoid warming of more than 3oC.
To avoid any anthropogenic influence on the climate system that worries some scientists.
4) If we agree to limit warming to less than some specified value such as 2oC or 3oC, that means:
Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, but that amount depends at least somewhat on emissions of methane, soot, and other climatically important materials.
Humanity can emit as much CO2 as we want if we reduce methane and soot.
Humanity must stop emitting all CO2 right now, because we already have warmed more than 2oC.
Humanity can emit only a certain amount of CO2 and no more, and that amount does not depend at all on emissions of methane, soot, or other climatically important materials.
We must immediately emit a lot of methane, nitrous oxide, soot, and other materials to offset the effects of the CO2.
5) Ethically
Who should have the right to burn more fossil fuels is an important question, and the people of the world have not yet agreed on the answer
Poor people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and rich people shouldn’t, because the rich people have already used up their share of the total allowed emissions
Rich people should have the right to burn more fossil fuels, and poor people shouldn’t, because the rich people drive the economy and that helps poor people
Rich people and poor people should have the right to burn exactly the same amount of fossil fuels in the future, because that is the only fair way
All fossil fuel burning must stop immediately
6) Economic models used to assess optimal paths for decision-making include:
The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future |
The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring having something good now rather than in the future
The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now
The pure rate of time preference, our assumed behavior favoring saving something good for the future rather than having it now
The pure rate of time preference, our observed behavior to buy new clocks when old ones break
7) Economic models that include a positive value for the pure rate of time preference:
Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation
Produce an optimal path with only small actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation
Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically more important than our generation
Produce an optimal path with large actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically less important than our generation
Produce an optimal path with medium-size actions now to reduce global warming and help future generations, because those generations are economically of equal importance to our generation
8) CO2 released by fossil-fuel burning will cause climate change.
This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models
This will contribute to extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models
This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do less now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models
This will reduce extinctions, and because the costs of extinctions are generally not fully included in economic models, we probably should do more now to reduce climate change than indicated by the models
Extinctions have nothing to do with the economy, and it is just silly to discuss extinctions and the economy together.
9) Country-by-country analyses of various economic and other data show that:
Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had highest reliance on natural resources
Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, and economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources
Student performance on international tests tended to be lower, but economic growth faster, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources
Student performance on international tests tended to be higher, but economic growth slower, for those nations that had the lowest reliance on natural resources
There is no relation between student performance, economic growth, and reliance on natural resources.
10) The generally poor performance of economies that rely heavily on export of natural resources is called:
The resource curse, which may arise in part because people work to control the valuable resource rather than to build an integrated economy
The resource curse, which may arise in part because people don’t work hard enough to control the resource
The curse of colonialism, which arises entirely because European colonial powers destroyed the native governments of other countries
The curse of colonialism, which arises because resource-rich countries work too hard to conquer their neighbors rather than developing the resource
The football curse, which arises from the mistaken belief that a football is spherical rather than prolate
11) When we drive a car, we are not positive that we will be hit by a drunk driver, but we buy cars with air bags and seat belts anyway. This idea can be applied to climate change and energy.
The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation can be applied even without scientific certainty
The United Nations adopted similar reasoning, arguing that drunk drivers are certain to happen, so insurance against them is wise, but climate change might not so there is no need to take actions yet
The United Nations argued that scientific evidence must be 100% certain before taking actions against climate change
The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow so that they are not rear-ended by drunks
The United Nations stated that drivers should run the light on yellow and on red so that they are not rear-ended by drunks
12) The full scholarship of climate and energy shows:
Taking wise actions will make people better off
Taking wise actions will make people worse off
Taking wise actions will have no effect on people
Taking wise actions are unequivocally impossible
Climate and energy are unrelated
13) Libertarians are people who generally oppose large governments and intrusive government actions. When considering government actions to reduce climate-changing greenhouse-gas emissions:
Libertarians probably should favor some actions now because actions can be taken in relatively unintrusive ways that don’t grow the government, and that prevent future disasters likely to lead to government intervention.
Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require great growth of governments.
Libertarians are wise to oppose government actions to reduce CO2 emissions because any successful reduction in such emissions will require the government we have to become much more intrusive.
Libertarians have nothing to say about actions because such actions will not involve governments.
Libertarians probably should favor large actions now, even though they absolutely must cause huge growth in government.
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