Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

HSYP8104 Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Session 1 2020
Task title Assessment Task 1: Health promotion program plan
Due date Week 4, Friday 20th March 5PM
Weighting 20%
Format/length
Essay (700 words, +/-10%)
Infographic (1 page)
Reference style Vancouver https://libguides.mq.edu.au/referencing/Vancouver
Unit learning outcomes
1. Explain health promotion concepts and principles in planning and
practice;
2. Analyse the range of factors that influence the health of individuals
and populations, including social determinants of health and lifestyle
behaviours;
3. Identify and critically analyse the range of theoretical and practical
intervention frameworks available for disease prevention and health
promotion delivery within a specific population/community.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

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Submission iLearn Turnitin
Return of grade &
feedback
iLearn Turnitin (individual)
In class (group)
Background
This assessment task aims to help you in preparing for Assessment Task 2: Designing A Health
Promotion Program. You will need to critically review high level evidence for your chosen public health
issue in order to design an effective health promotion program. You will need to write a short essay
justifying the importance of addressing your chosen public health issue and based on this information
prepare an infographic for your target audience. An infographic is an innovative and engaging method
of visually communicating health information. It may help in increasing people’s knowledge, awareness
of the issue and make informed decisions.
Description
Essay
First, you will need to choose a current public health issue from the list provided below (if you have a
desire to explore other public health issue not listed here, please contact the unit convener for the
approval):
• Bullying in schools
• Low fruit and vegetable consumption
• High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs)
• High consumption of salt
• Low uptake of the influenza vaccine OR reduction in childhood vaccinations
• Low breastfeeding practices
• Irresponsible alcohol consumption Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
• Low physical activity
• Low hygiene practices
Then, you will need to choose a specific target audience (e.g. adolescents, older adults, voters, working
age, doctors, students etc.) and a country/region (e.g. Australia, India, Lithuania etc.). Your essay must
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Master of Public Health
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provide the rationale and outline the evidence base for the chosen public health issue that includes the
following:
1. Outline of your chosen topic:
a. Introduce your chosen topic and justify why it is important to address it (you may use
statistical data to emphasise the importance of this issue; start at the global level
then narrow it down to a specific country/region);
b. Identify factors impacting your chosen health issue.
2. Describe and justify your target audience (who is the most affected by this issue and why);
3. Identify any previous attempts to address your chosen health issue and discuss its
effectiveness (e.g. policy, advocacy, health promotion interventions etc).
4. Referencing: minimum requirement ≥10 recent academic resources.
Infographic
You will need to prepare an infographic based on your chosen topic. It should be evidence-based;
therefore, it is recommended you use the evidence you collected for your essay. Your infographic
should aim either to inform your target audience about your chosen issue, raise awareness or act on
the issue.
Resources and examples are provided under ‘Assessments’ on iLearn. Also, you can visit World Health
Organization (WHO) website for more examples (https://www.who.int/mediacentre/infographic/en/).Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Planning a Health Program
In this program, Jamie Lynn should use the Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as it will help her in evaluating the program needs. Through this evaluation method, Jamie will be able to analyze other alternative programs that can be cost efficient. The process will also enable her to write her budget and decide on the viability of the program. The planning will also assist her in getting all discounts applicable to the program. When engaging in any health program, it is necessary for a person to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the program and the risk involved. This will make a person financially prepared for uncertainties without the disruption of the health program. Jamie will also be able to involve the stakeholders effectively, something that will make the program successful.
Evaluation allows a person to see the impact of the program on the society. This will help one in deciding whether the program is worthy and if the benefits of the program surpass its cost. A good evaluation will also offer a good view of the resources need to implement the program and this will ensure that the program does not stall when it is halfway. The uncertainties involved in the program will also be well calculated and taken care off to make sure that they do not affect the positive impact intended by the program.
The program Lynn is involved in requires a lot of privacy of the patient’s information. She will need to create the program in a way that the patient’s files are safely stored. It can also be hard to break the news of some ailments to the patients and also to keep them away from the guardians where the need arises. The program is likely to be costly because it covers a sensitive issue in the society and it will involve a lot of testing and drugs.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Question one
One of the perspectives on assessment is Public health perspective.
Identification and Exploration
Public health perspective alters this step by providing relevant information about the location for the health professionals to focus on. It helps the planner to identify the new resources, new technology and relevant materials needed to make an assessment.
Data gathering and analysing
Public health influences this step by providing a platform for people to share the idea, opinions, and solutions that are related to program planning, (Issel & Wells, 2018). This will facilitate the step by identifying the gap between where the community health is and where it needs to be. Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
Utilization
Public health perspective influences this step by creating a plan that is meant to ensure the continuous improvement of public health. In addition, the goal is to bridge the gap that exists between the current state of health and the future.
Evaluation
Public health perspective alters this step by comparing the plan against the results.
Question two
Marketing assessment- this assessment is relevant to the health program planning since it enables the health program planners to make a decision on where to utilize the scarce resources and fulfil the program requirement that will result to positive income.
Needs assessment- this assessment will help the health program planners identify the program priorities and fill the gaps by allocating relevant resources.
Community health assessment –This assessment is relevant to health program planners to identify the community health status, health needs of the community and analyze ways to address the social health issues, (Issel & Wells, 2018). This assessment information will help the planners come up with a health improvement plan by stating where the resources need to be allocated.
Workforce assessment- this assessment is relevant to health program planners since it helps the realize where they need additional workforce and also evaluate the productivity of the existing workforce.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Choosing a Theory or Model for Program Planning

Selecting an appropriate theory or model for program planning is an important part of the process. As you examine the theories and models presented in the Learning Resources, bear in mind that some theories/models may not be appropriate given the problem you have selected. How will you determine which one is most relevant for your problem and target population? You are encouraged to use this Discussion forum as a venue for deliberation with your colleagues.
To prepare:

Bring to mind the problem you identified in Week 2.
Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources. Consider the various theories and models that are used in program planning. Which one(s) do you think might be appropriate for your problem? Why? Be prepared to support your response.
What field developed this theory or model? Examine the literature and consider how it has been applied in fields other than nursing.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

By tomorrow Monday 12/10/18 17:oo, write a 550 words essays in APA format with a minimum of 3 scholarly references, At least one of the references must come from the course textbook (see attached file). Include the headers as numbered below

Post a cohesive scholarly response that addresses the following:

1) Describe the theory or model most appropriate to your problem (Breast Cancer in African American Women in the USA). Justify the choice of your theory/model as it relates to your problem. (see attached file)

2) What field developed this theory or model? Briefly describe how it has been applied in fields other than nursing and explain how it has been appropriately applied within nursing. Provide at least one example from the literature to support your response.

Required Readings

Hodges, B. C., & Videto, D. M. (2011). Assessment and planning in health programs (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Chapter 6, “The Importance and Use of Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion” (See attached file).Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

The authors describe various theories, noting that theories are not universally applicable to every program.

Kettner, P. M., Moroney, R. M., & Martin, L. L. (2017). Designing and managing programs: An effectiveness-based approach (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chapter 2, “The Contribution of Theory to Program Planning” (See attached file).

This chapter examines the application of theory in program planning.

Berhane, A., Biadgilign, S., Berhane, A., & Memiah, P. (2015). Male involvement in family planning program in Northern Ethiopia: An application of the Transtheoretical model. Patient Education and Counseling 98, 469–475

Kroelinger, C.D., Rankin, K. M., Chamgers, D.A., Diez Roux, A.V., Huges, K., & Grigorescu, V. (2014). Using the principles of complex systems thinking and implementation sceice to enhance maternal and child health program planning and delivery. Maternal Child Health Journal, 18, 1560–1564. doi 10.1007/s10995-014-1586-9

Silverman, B., Champney, J., Steber, S., & Zubritsky, C. (2015). Collaborating for consensus: Considerations for convening Coalition stakeholders to promote a gender-based approach to addressing the health needs of sex workers. Evaluation and Program Planning 51,17–26 doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2014.12.002

Smith, T.L., Barlow, P.b., Peters, J.M., & Skolits, G.J. (2015). Demystifying reflective practice: Using the DATA model to enhance evaluators’ professional activities. Evaluation and Program Planning, 52, 142–147.

Optional Resources

Hulton, L. J. (2007). An evaluation of a school-based teenage pregnancy prevention program using a logic model framework. Journal of School Nursing, 23(2), 104–110.

This article describes the use of the logic model to develop, implement, and evaluate a nursing intervention in a school setting.

Johnson, S. S., Driskell, M., Johnson, J. L., Prochaska, J. M., Zwick, W., & Prochaska, J. O. (2006). Efficacy of a transtheoretical model-based expert system for antihypertensive adherence. Disease Management, 9(5), 291–301.

This article introduces the use of the transtheoretical model and stages of change as applied to interventions aimed at medication adherence for patients with hypertension.

Rogers, L. Q., Shah, P., Dunnington, G., Greive, A., Shanmugham, A., Dawson, B., & Courneya, K. S. (2005). Social cognitive theory and physical activity during breast cancer treatment. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32(4), 807–815.

The social cognitive theory is utilized to examine associations with physical activity in breast cancer patients. This article posits that the social cognitive theory can be used as a mediator for intervention evaluation with this population.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

W. K. Kellogg Foundation. (2004). Using logic models to bring together planning, evaluation, and action: Logic model development guide. Battle Creek, MI: W. K. Kellogg Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.wkkf.org/resource-directory/resource/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.

This report offers a guide for the use of the logic model in program planning and outcome-oriented evaluation for nonprofit projects.

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality

Around the world, there exist many programs and interventions developed to improve conditions in local communities. Communities come together to reduce the level of violence that exists, to work for safe, affordable housing for everyone, or to help more students do well in school, to give just a few examples.

But how do we know whether these programs are working? If they are not effective, and even if they are, how can we improve them to make them better for local communities? And finally, how can an organization make intelligent choices about which promising programs are likely to work best in their community?

Over the past years, there has been a growing trend towards the better use of evaluation to understand and improve practice.The systematic use of evaluation has solved many problems and helped countless community-based organizations do what they do better.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Despite an increased understanding of the need for – and the use of – evaluation, however, a basic agreed-upon framework for program evaluation has been lacking. In 1997, scientists at the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the need to develop such a framework. As a result of this, the CDC assembled an Evaluation Working Group comprised of experts in the fields of public health and evaluation. Members were asked to develop a framework that summarizes and organizes the basic elements of program evaluation. This Community Tool Box section describes the framework resulting from the Working Group’s efforts.

Before we begin, however, we’d like to offer some definitions of terms that we will use throughout this section.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

By evaluation, we mean the systematic investigation of the merit, worth, or significance of an object or effort. Evaluation practice has changed dramatically during the past three decades – new methods and approaches have been developed and it is now used for increasingly diverse projects and audiences.

Throughout this section, the term program is used to describe the object or effort that is being evaluated. It may apply to any action with the goal of improving outcomes for whole communities, for more specific sectors (e.g., schools, work places), or for sub-groups (e.g., youth, people experiencing violence or HIV/AIDS). This definition is meant to be very broad.

Examples of different types of programs include:

Direct service interventions (e.g., a program that offers free breakfast to improve nutrition for grade school children)
Community mobilization efforts (e.g., organizing a boycott of California grapes to improve the economic well-being of farm workers)
Research initiatives (e.g., an effort to find out whether inequities in health outcomes based on race can be reduced)
Surveillance systems (e.g., whether early detection of school readiness improves educational outcomes)
Advocacy work (e.g., a campaign to influence the state legislature to pass legislation regarding tobacco control)
Social marketing campaigns (e.g., a campaign in the Third World encouraging mothers to breast-feed their babies to reduce infant mortality)
Infrastructure building projects (e.g., a program to build the capacity of state agencies to support community development initiatives)Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
Training programs (e.g., a job training program to reduce unemployment in urban neighborhoods)
Administrative systems (e.g., an incentive program to improve efficiency of health services)
Program evaluation – the type of evaluation discussed in this section – is an essential organizational practice for all types of community health and development work. It is a way to evaluate the specific projects and activities community groups may take part in, rather than to evaluate an entire organization or comprehensive community initiative.

Stakeholders refer to those who care about the program or effort. These may include those presumed to benefit (e.g., children and their parents or guardians), those with particular influence (e.g., elected or appointed officials), and those who might support the effort (i.e., potential allies) or oppose it (i.e., potential opponents). Key questions in thinking about stakeholders are: Who cares? What do they care about?

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This section presents a framework that promotes a common understanding of program evaluation. The overall goal is to make it easier for everyone involved in community health and development work to evaluate their efforts.

WHY EVALUATE COMMUNITY HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS?
The type of evaluation we talk about in this section can be closely tied to everyday program operations. Our emphasis is on practical, ongoing evaluation that involves program staff, community members, and other stakeholders, not just evaluation experts. This type of evaluation offers many advantages for community health and development professionals.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

For example, it complements program management by:

Helping to clarify program plans
Improving communication among partners
Gathering the feedback needed to improve and be accountable for program effectiveness
It’s important to remember, too, that evaluation is not a new activity for those of us working to improve our communities. In fact, we assess the merit of our work all the time when we ask questions, consult partners, make assessments based on feedback, and then use those judgments to improve our work. When the stakes are low, this type of informal evaluation might be enough. However, when the stakes are raised – when a good deal of time or money is involved, or when many people may be affected – then it may make sense for your organization to use evaluation procedures that are more formal, visible, and justifiable.

HOW DO YOU EVALUATE A SPECIFIC PROGRAM?
BEFORE YOUR ORGANIZATION STARTS WITH A PROGRAM EVALUATION, YOUR GROUP SHOULD BE VERY CLEAR ABOUT THE ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
What will be evaluated?
What criteria will be used to judge program performance?
What standards of performance on the criteria must be reached for the program to be considered successful?Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
What evidence will indicate performance on the criteria relative to the standards?
What conclusions about program performance are justified based on the available evidence?
To clarify the meaning of each, let’s look at some of the answers for Drive Smart, a hypothetical program begun to stop drunk driving.

What will be evaluated?
Drive Smart, a program focused on reducing drunk driving through public education and intervention.
What criteria will be used to judge program performance?
The number of community residents who are familiar with the program and its goals
The number of people who use “Safe Rides” volunteer taxis to get home
The percentage of people who report drinking and driving
The reported number of single car night time crashes (This is a common way to try to determine if the number of people who drive drunk is changing)
What standards of performance on the criteria must be reached for the program to be considered successful?
80% of community residents will know about the program and its goals after the first year of the program
The number of people who use the “Safe Rides” taxis will increase by 20% in the first year
The percentage of people who report drinking and driving will decrease by 20% in the first year
The reported number of single car night time crashes will decrease by 10 % in the program’s first two years
What evidence will indicate performance on the criteria relative to the standards?Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay
A random telephone survey will demonstrate community residents’ knowledge of the program and changes in reported behavior
Logs from “Safe Rides” will tell how many people use their services
Information on single car night time crashes will be gathered from police records
What conclusions about program performance are justified based on the available evidence?
Are the changes we have seen in the level of drunk driving due to our efforts, or something else? Or (if no or insufficient change in behavior or outcome,)
Should Drive Smart change what it is doing, or have we just not waited long enough to see results?
The following framework provides an organized approach to answer these questions.

A FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRAM EVALUATION
Program evaluation offers a way to understand and improve community health and development practice using methods that are useful, feasible, proper, and accurate. The framework described below is a practical non-prescriptive tool that summarizes in a logical order the important elements of program evaluation.

THE FRAMEWORK CONTAINS TWO RELATED DIMENSIONS:
Steps in evaluation practice, and
Standards for “good” evaluation.
Image depicting a Framework for Program Evaluation. A large circle with four rings. The outer ring is entitled “Steps in Evaluation.” The next ring lists the steps with arrows in between each, depicting an ongoing flow from one to the next: “Exchange Stakeholders; Describe the Program; Focus the Evaluation Design; Gather Credible Evidence; Justify Conclusions; Ensure Use and Share Lessons Learned.” The next inner ring is entitled “Standards for “Good” Evaluation.” Inside it is the innermost circle divided into four quadrants: “Utility; Feasibility; Propriety; Accuracy.”Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

The six connected steps of the framework are actions that should be a part of any evaluation. Although in practice the steps may be encountered out of order, it will usually make sense to follow them in the recommended sequence. That’s because earlier steps provide the foundation for subsequent progress. Thus, decisions about how to carry out a given step should not be finalized until prior steps have been thoroughly addressed.

However, these steps are meant to be adaptable, not rigid. Sensitivity to each program’s unique context (for example, the program’s history and organizational climate) is essential for sound evaluation. They are intended to serve as starting points around which community organizations can tailor an evaluation to best meet their needs.

Engage stakeholders
Describe the program
Focus the evaluation design
Gather credible evidence
Justify conclusions
Ensure use and share lessons learned
Understanding and adhering to these basic steps will improve most evaluation efforts.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

The second part of the framework is a basic set of standards to assess the quality of evaluation activities. There are 30 specific standards, organized into the following four groups:

Utility
Feasibility
Propriety
Accuracy
These standards help answer the question, “Will this evaluation be a ‘good’ evaluation?” They are recommended as the initial criteria by which to judge the quality of the program evaluation efforts.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

ENGAGE STAKEHOLDERS
Stakeholders are people or organizations that have something to gain or lose from what will be learned from an evaluation, and also in what will be done with that knowledge. Evaluation cannot be done in isolation. Almost everything done in community health and development work involves partnerships – alliances among different organizations, board members, those affected by the problem, and others. Therefore, any serious effort to evaluate a program must consider the different values held by the partners. Stakeholders must be part of the evaluation to ensure that their unique perspectives are understood. When stakeholders are not appropriately involved, evaluation findings are likely to be ignored, criticized, or resisted.

However, if they are part of the process, people are likely to feel a good deal of ownership for the evaluation process and results. They will probably want to develop it, defend it, and make sure that the evaluation really works.

That’s why this evaluation cycle begins by engaging stakeholders. Once involved, these people will help to carry out each of the steps that follows.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

THREE PRINCIPLE GROUPS OF STAKEHOLDERS ARE IMPORTANT TO INVOLVE:
People or organizations involved in program operations may include community members, sponsors, collaborators, coalition partners, funding officials, administrators, managers, and staff.
People or organizations served or affected by the program may include clients, family members, neighborhood organizations, academic institutions, elected and appointed officials, advocacy groups, and community residents. Individuals who are openly skeptical of or antagonistic toward the program may also be important to involve. Opening an evaluation to opposing perspectives and enlisting the help of potential program opponents can strengthen the evaluation’s credibility.
Likewise, individuals or groups who could be adversely or inadvertently affected by changes arising from the evaluation have a right to be engaged. For example, it is important to include those who would be affected if program services were expanded, altered, limited, or ended as a result of the evaluation.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Primary intended users of the evaluation are the specific individuals who are in a position to decide and/or do something with the results.They shouldn’t be confused with primary intended users of the program, although some of them should be involved in this group. In fact, primary intended users should be a subset of all of the stakeholders who have been identified. A successful evaluation will designate primary intended users, such as program staff and funders, early in its development and maintain frequent interaction with them to be sure that the evaluation specifically addresses their values and needs.
The amount and type of stakeholder involvement will be different for each program evaluation. For instance, stakeholders can be directly involved in designing and conducting the evaluation. They can be kept informed about progress of the evaluation through periodic meetings, reports, and other means of communication.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

It may be helpful, when working with a group such as this, to develop an explicit process to share power and resolve conflicts. This may help avoid overemphasis of values held by any specific stakeholder.

DESCRIBE THE PROGRAM
A program description is a summary of the intervention being evaluated. It should explain what the program is trying to accomplish and how it tries to bring about those changes. The description will also illustrate the program’s core components and elements, its ability to make changes, its stage of development, and how the program fits into the larger organizational and community environment.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

How a program is described sets the frame of reference for all future decisions about its evaluation. For example, if a program is described as, “attempting to strengthen enforcement of existing laws that discourage underage drinking,” the evaluation might be very different than if it is described as, “a program to reduce drunk driving by teens.” Also, the description allows members of the group to compare the program to other similar efforts, and it makes it easier to figure out what parts of the program brought about what effects.

Moreover, different stakeholders may have different ideas about what the program is supposed to achieve and why. For example, a program to reduce teen pregnancy may have some members who believe this means only increasing access to contraceptives, and other members who believe it means only focusing on abstinence.

Evaluations done without agreement on the program definition aren’t likely to be very useful. In many cases, the process of working with stakeholders to develop a clear and logical program description will bring benefits long before data are available to measure program effectiveness.

THERE ARE SEVERAL SPECIFIC ASPECTS THAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED WHEN DESCRIBING A PROGRAM.
Statement of need

A statement of need describes the problem, goal, or opportunity that the program addresses; it also begins to imply what the program will do in response. Important features to note regarding a program’s need are: the nature of the problem or goal, who is affected, how big it is, and whether (and how) it is changing.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Expectations

Expectations are the program’s intended results. They describe what the program has to accomplish to be considered successful. For most programs, the accomplishments exist on a continuum (first, we want to accomplish X… then, we want to do Y…). Therefore, they should be organized by time ranging from specific (and immediate) to broad (and longer-term) consequences. For example, a program’s vision, mission, goals, and objectives, all represent varying levels of specificity about a program’s expectations.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Activities

Activities are everything the program does to bring about changes. Describing program components and elements permits specific strategies and actions to be listed in logical sequence. This also shows how different program activities, such as education and enforcement, relate to one another. Describing program activities also provides an opportunity to distinguish activities that are the direct responsibility of the program from those that are conducted by related programs or partner organizations. Things outside of the program that may affect its success, such as harsher laws punishing businesses that sell alcohol to minors, can also be noted.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

Resources

Resources include the time, talent, equipment, information, money, and other assets available to conduct program activities. Reviewing the resources a program has tells a lot about the amount and intensity of its services. It may also point out situations where there is a mismatch between what the group wants to do and the resources available to carry out these activities. Understanding program costs is a necessity to assess the cost-benefit ratio as part of the evaluation.

Stage of development

A program’s stage of development reflects its maturity. All community health and development programs mature and change over time. People who conduct evaluations, as well as those who use their findings, need to consider the dynamic nature of programs. For example, a new program that just received its first grant may differ in many respects from one that has been running for over a decade.

At least three phases of development are commonly recognized: planning, implementation, and effects or outcomes. In the planning stage, program activities are untested and the goal of evaluation is to refine plans as much as possible. In the implementation phase, program activities are being field tested and modified; the goal of evaluation is to see what happens in the “real world” and to improve operations. In the effects stage, enough time has passed for the program’s effects to emerge; the goal of evaluation is to identify and understand the program’s results, including those that were unintentional.Assessment And Planning in Health Programs Essay

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