audience members’ perception of a live musical performance

A) Audiences perceive little expressive information from visual observations of performers’ bodies.

B) Visual aspects of performance heavily influence the perception of all audience members, including trained musicians.

C) Visual performance aspects are important to popular music audiences but not classical music audiences.

D) Among all listeners, performers’ bodily gestures are not nearly as communicative as their musical sounds.event, carnival, or fair and come across a live musical performance.Although the music might be a style that you would not listen to onyour own time, the live performance may be so engaging that you feel compelled to take it in. Although musical skills may be the most important criteria on which musicians are judged (see chapters 1, 4,and 5), visual aspects of live performances are also very influential on audiences. First Impressions In many social settings, people make judgments about other people based on how they look. This is true when audience members observe musicians in a performance. Research has shown that listeners’ opinions about the musical quality of a performance are influenced by performers’ physical appearances. For example, Northand Hargreaves (1997b) had college students listen to original pop music while, for each excerpt, viewing a picture of a musician who was presented as the composer and performer. The listeners responded more favorably to the same music when they believed it was created by a physically attractive musician than by an unattractive one. Pieces allegedly by attractive performers werebetter liked and judged as reflecting greater artistic merit,sophistication, and intelligence. Similarly, Davidson and Coimbra(2001) documented the importance of physical appearance in the assessment of singers in a music college setting. Wapnick and colleagues (Wapniclc, Darrow, Kovacs, 8: Dalrymple, 1997; Wapnick, Kovacs Mazza, E: Darrow, 1998, 2000)conducted a series of studies that used musicians as evaluators (see also chap_ter 11, section on music critics and jurors). These studies also expanded beyond physical attractiveness to consider other factors of what is commonly called “stage presence,” namely, dress and stage behavior. The performers being judged—singers,violinists, and pianists, respectively—showed great variability in the formality of their attire, despite their being instructed to dress for arecital or audition. They also exhibited diverse body language and stage mannerisms. In general, these studies reported higher appraisals of music performance for musicians who rated high in the categories of attractiveness, dress, and stage behavior. These findings suggest that how musicians take the stage is as important as the quality of their music. Performers may “win over” an audience,at least in part, based on their physical appearance and on their ability to signal confidence through body carriage, smiling, and eye contact with the audience. of course, the types of stage behaviors and appearance valued by judges and audiences vary depending on the musical genre and cultural context. Performance etiquette is determined in large part by sociocultural norms. Within Western classical music the expectation is formal attire, such as a dark coat and tie for men and an evening dress for women [black if they are playing in an orchestra; see figure 9.1 for a different approach). When walking onstage, a soloist is expected to greet the audience through facial

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