A main difference between iron triangles and issue networks is that
A. an iron triangle includes members of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, while issue networks bypass the judicial branch.
B. issue networks involve a stable group of bureaucrats, legislators, and lobbyists, while iron triangles exclude lobbyists in an attempt to reach impartial decisions.
C. issue networks are generally less stable than iron triangles, in that the members of an issue network may change as the issue develops.
D. issue networks, being less formal, rely on outside lobbying only, while iron triangles use inside lobbying only.
E. All these answers are correct.
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PACs tend to contribute the most money to
A. incumbents.
B. challengers.
C. Independents.
D. liberal Democrats.
E. liberal Republicans.
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In acknowledging the dilemma inherent in group activity, James Madison
A. argued that the free-rider problem would hurt some groups more than others.
B. claimed that government could listen to all groups, but should only enact policies that promote the interests of majority groups.
C. worried that government would be overly dominated by groups, but recognized that a free society is obliged to permit the advocacy of self-interest.
D. argued that government must restrict the activities of groups, so that political parties could act as the major instrument of democracy.
E. All these answers are correct.
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An amicus brief
A. is a written document in which a group explains to a court its position on a legal dispute the court is handling.
B. is a written document in which an interest group lays out its policy preference for targeted lawmakers.
C. prevents a lobbyist group from making campaign donations to policy makers over a specific issue.
D. provides evidence for prosecutors of an illegal monetary relationship between a lawmaker and an interest group or PAC.
E. prevents PACs from donating more than $5,000 to a single candidate during a primary election.
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