Why are there two stages in meiosis? (10)

What is the main evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction? Explain. (10)

Explain the difference between haploid and diploid.  What type of cells would you expect to be haploid and which would be diploid? (10)

What is the difference between and organism’s genotype and phenotype? (10)

Explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation. (10)

Explain the different types of allele dominance and how that affects allele expression. (12.5)

One of the most important aspects of sexual reproduction is the diversity that it can have on genetic diversity.  This genetic diversity is necessary for evolution.  Three ways in which meiosis can contribute to genetic diversity is through crossing-over, independent assortment, and fertilization.  First, explain each of these processes. Then, describe how each of these contribute to genetic diversity.

Crossing Over (12.5):

Independent Assortment (12.5):

Fertilization (12.5):

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Lab 6: Human Inheritance Lab Worksheet

Data Table 1. Phenotypes and Genotypes of Observed Trait

Questions:

1. If a man does not have Hitchhiker’s thumb, what are the two possible genotypes?

2. For an individual expressing the dominant phenotype, explain why you must list two possible genotypes.

3. Are recessive traits bad for the individual? Why or why not?

4. Is the dominant trait the more common trait in the population? Why or why not?

5. You meet an individual who is unable to roll their tongue. Using your genotype(s) for tongue rolling, what are the potential phenotypic and genotypic ratios for any offspring you produce? Include a Punnett Square in your response. Note: If you express the dominant trait, you will need to perform two separate crosses.

Lab 6: Human Inheritance
Purpose
To determine personal phenotypes and genotypes for some observable traits
To determine the phenotypic and genotypic frequencies (%) of offspring

Procedure
Below are a list of commonly observed human trait. The letter that accompanies each trait is representative of the dominant allele. This is the letter you will use when recording the genotypic information for each trait.
Read through the descriptions of each trait and refer to the images provided to determine which phenotype you express. Record your phenotype in Data Table 1 on the worksheet.
Next, determine your genotype. If you express the dominant phenotype, you cannot determine the second allele you carry, so you must list the two possible genotypes. Record this in Data Table 1.
Once you have finished, answer questions 1-5 on the worksheet.
 Ear lobes (E): Free ear lobes have at least one dominant allele.
People with attached earlobes are recessive.
 Eye color (B): Inheritance of eye color is controlled by multiple genes, but people having the homozygous recessive genotype have blue eyes. People who have a dominant allele may have different shades of brown, hazel, or green eyes.
 Widow’s Peak (W): A hairline that forms a downward point in the middle of the forehead is caused by a dominant allele. A smooth hairline is caused by a
recessive genotype.
Cleft Chin No Cleft
 Tongue roller (T): A dominant allele gives some people the ability
to roll their tongues into a “U” shape when it is extended. People
with the recessive alleles cannot roll their tongues.
 Bent Little Finger (L): A dominant allele results in the end joint of the little finger of each hand bending inward. Straight little fingers are a result of the recessive genotype.
Place your hands on a flat surface, palms down, and relax. Check to see if the first joints
of your little fingers are bent or straight.
 Mid-Digital Hair (H): Individuals who have hair on the middle joints of their fingers have at least one dominant allele. Those with two recessive alleles do not have hair on the joint.
 Red hair (R ): Individuals with red hair have the recessive genotype. Those with any other color hair have at least one dominant allele.
 Curly hair (C ): Individuals having curly hair have at least one dominant allele. People having straight hair have the recessive genotype.
 Freckles (K): The recessive genotype means the individual lacks freckles. An individual with freckles will have at least one dominant allele.
 Dimples (D): An individual without dimples is homozygous recessive, while an individual with dimples has at least one dominant allele.
 Cleft Chin (M): An individual with a genotype of homozygous recessive will
have a cleft chin, while a person with at least one dominant allele will not have a
cleft chin.
 Hitchhiker’s thumb (J): A person that can bend the last joint of the thumb to approximately a 45 degree angle has the recessive genotype while an individual that
cannot do it has at least one dominant allele.
 Index Finger Length (I): If the index finger is shorter than the ring finger (4th finger next to the pinky), you have a dominant allele. If not, you have a recessive allele.
 Hallux Length (G): Length of the big toe (hallux) is governed by a specific gene. Individuals with the big toe shorter in comparison to the second toe possess the dominant gene. The inheritance of a recessive genotype results in a big toe being longer than or equal to the second toe.
 Left-over-right thumb crossing (Q): When the hands are folded in a natural fashion, the left thumb crosses the right thumb in a dominant genotype. If reversed, a recessive genotype is present.

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