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Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

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Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

Cardiovascular is something relating to the heart hence the term cardiovascular disease when referring to an illness that hinders proper heart function. Cardiovascular disease is a collective term for different problems of the heart or blood vessel to prevent proper pumping and flow of blood to all body parts. Below are some examples of cardiovascular diseases:Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

  • Heart failure
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Cerebral vascular disease (stroke)
  • Coronary heart disease (heart attack)
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Cardiomyopathies

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death as they cause the death of more globally than other reasons. Around 30% of all deaths are as a result of VCDs with coronary heart disease and stroke leading other cardiovascular diseases. Most of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries that record up to 80% of deaths that occur to VCDs globally. The estimate is that by 2030 the deaths of almost 23.6 million people will occur due to heart disease and stroke.

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Various risk factors increase the chances of getting cardiovascular condition including:

  • High blood pressure
  • Tobacco use
  • Diabetes
  • Overweight/obesity
  • Lack of physical exercise
  • Poor diet /nutrition

Most of the above factors are manageable to reduce the risk, but cardiovascular risk also has a relation to age and gender that nobody can change. What are the risk scores?

Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Relation To Age

Heart disease might affect people of all ages but is more common among those in the older ages. The number of people who have heart diseases increases with age for both men and women. Approximately four out five of those who die due to heart disease are at the age of 65 or older. The risk for men b to develop CVDs is higher than women’s and begins earlier by nearly ten years. Almost one in a hundred men develops signs of heart disease by the age of 45. At the age 55, the risk increases and continues increase up to age 55 when about 7 out of a 100 get heart disease.

The reason why people many people get the cardiovascular disease at an old age is that the aging also occurs on the blood vessels making them to harden and less flexible. Less flexibility of the blood vessels makes it harder for blood to move through them and reduces the rate of flow. The heart needs to work harder to pump blood at a pressure that will pump blood through the hard vessels to reach all the body parts.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

Fatty deposits (plaques) also collect on artery walls with age to slow down the flow of blood from the heart. These things together with lack of enough exercises and poor nutritional habits can increase the risk of heart disease. The increase is even higher id other risk factors that come with age such as diabetes are also present.

The gender of a person can increase the risk of age. Men are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and suffer heard conditions earlier. The risk of having a heart disease for women becomes as much likely as that of men when they reach menopause. At this age, they are more likely to die from cardiac complications than the men.

Women face many risk factors that also affect men such as high cholesterol, smoking and blood pressure but their high levels of estrogen help to reduce the chances of developing the disease until they reach menopause. It is at this age when the level of estrogen drops significantly. Diabetes is particularly a significant risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease in women. The symptoms of the heart disease in women with diabetes are very subtle. Women might have breathlessness or heartburn during a physical exertion rather than chest pains which is typical in men or among the people with diabetes.

Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Relation to Gender

Most men are at a higher risk of contracting a heart disease than women in their age group. Scientists blame the increased risk on unhealthy habits saying that they are partly to blame for the vulnerability of the men. The risk of heart disease among the omen only increases after menopause. The natural hormone which is in higher levels among young women could be playing a protective role in protecting the women from heart attacks. Unfortunate for men, their gender is a risk score, and it could be the reason why they get attacks at a younger age than women. Cardiovascular diseases are more likely to cause death to women until after menopause, but the number of those who contract the disease to the severity of causing fatality is still lesser than that of the men.

Why Cardiovascular Risk Scores Are Higher In Men than In Women

These are some of the reason why most of those who get CVDs are men.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

1.Stress

A prominent theory on the reason many more men suffer from heart disease while younger than women is that they endure more stress from draining actions and heavy physical activities than women. Historically it is the men who were occupying the job roles with more stress while women engaged in the less engaging role or stayed at home. However, the gender gap in job responsibilities has been closing to the point where women are now occupying highly stressful job roles.

Some people believe that a likely cause of extreme stress in men is their limited ways of expressing emotional stress at workplaces and elsewhere than the women. The society accepts that women can express emotional feelings and even cry. On a behavioral level, women are likely to share their situation or create time for self-care such as taking a long warm bath or reading. These reactions to difficult circumstances help to relieve stress. The society frown upon men who cry or discuss their problems thus most of them bottles up everything allowing stress to take a more significant toll on their bodies.

Arteries tend to narrow when stress builds up and increase the blood pressure. It is a significant problem that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease for a man who already has narrowing arteries.

2.Diet and lifestyle

A weakness in the life of many men is that they have a habit of living unhealthy lifestyles than women and the trend causes a significant imp action their heart health. A significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases among the men is their excess intake of alcohol. More men take a larger volume of alcoholic drinks exceeding the recommendations regularly compared to women.

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A higher percentage of the men are overweight or obese compared to that of the women. A break down into the age range shows that the most significant gap is that of adults between the ages of 45-54. A higher number of men are overweight or obese than the women. Part of the difference in the number of men and women who contract heart diseases is because of a difference in their eating habits although cultural expectations also contribute. Men, in general, eat more meat than the women and most of the time they consume red meat in high quantity. Meats especially the red has elements that cause inflammation to the body and also have excess saturated fats that increase the risk of cardiovascular problems. Taking a few extra portions of red meat and fewer vegetables is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Part of the reason could be that eating meat especially red meat such as steak has for long been seen as a masculine behavior. On the other hand, women have a habit of eating more calciferous, broccoli and leafy green than the men which is healthy as they do not have fat that clogs up the arteries.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

3.High cholesterol

The diet habits of the men make them be at a higher risk of accumulating cholesterol the fatty substance in the blood. There is good, bad cholesterol that increases the risk of heart diseases if it is too much. It can cause a build-up of atheroma inside artery walls to prevent enough blood from reaching the heart or other body parts. A piece of atheroma can break off to settle in an artery, and it can cause an even more dangerous blood clot by blocking the flow of blood. The measure of cholesterol is accurate after evaluating the good (HDL) cholesterol and the bad (non-HDL). The non-HDL cholesterol should not exceed 4 millimoles per liter( mmol/L) of blood while the total cholesterol including the HDL should not exceed 5mmol/L.

4.Overweight or obesity

Being overweight or obese increases the risk of having CVD and other conditions including the type 2 diabetes. The term overweight means that the body mass index (BMI) is 25 or more. A BMI of 30 or more is in the classification of obese. The shape of the body and the place where the excess fat settles can increase risk of CVDs. BMI is not the only measurement of risk. Too much weight around the middle raises the risk of CVD and other conditions that are harmful to the body including high blood pressure, diabetes and high blood pressure. When fat in the middle makes the waist of a man to be more 94 centimeters (37 inches) increases the risk of heart disease. It is also the same for women who have a waist of more 80 centimeters (31.5 inches).

Cardiovascular Risk Scores for Women

Certain conditions that only occur to women increase their risk of having a cardiovascular disease.

i.Diabetes

Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease. Women with diabetes are at more risk of getting cardiovascular diseases that the men with the same condition. The risk is still high even after managing the glucose levels but even greater when there is no proper control of blood sugars. At least 68 percent of the people suffering from diabetes and are over 65 years die due to a form of cardiovascular disease, A percentage of patients with diabetes also die because of stroke. Women with diabetes should work with their doctors to control other risk factors. Diabetes patients should also make lifestyle changes such as engaging in regular exercises and eating a healthier diet to maintain a healthy weight.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

ii.Reducing of estrogen levels

Estrogen helps to protect women from cardiovascular diseases because of a positive effect on the in a layer of the artery wall and helps to maintain flexibility of the blood vessels. It means they can relax as well as expand to allow blood flow. The advantage of a natural hormone that prevents cardiovascular diseases begins to diminish at menopause when the body starts producing less estrogen. A drop in estrogen levels is the reason why women become more vulnerable to heat attack as they get older. The average age of for women to great a heart attack is 70 but 66 in men.

iii.Lifestyle risk factors

Some aspects that cause the lifestyle of a woman to be unhealthy increases the risk of CVDs. Taking as high fat-diet, drinking, smoking, and inactivity cause a greater risk factor for cardiovascular diseases than in men.

iv.Broken heart syndrome

A broken heart syndrome occurs after going through stressful situations that might cause temporary failure of the heart muscle. It mostly affects women after menopause. Stress cardiomyopathy, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and apical ballooning syndrome are the other names for this condition.

v.Pregnancy complications

Unhealthy conditions that occur during pregnancy such as diabetes of high blood pressure can increase the risk of their recurrence or staying in place after birth to increase the risk of development of the heart disease in mothers. Some research shows that children born to women who suffer from pregnancy complications might be at an increased risk of cardiovascular conditions in the future.

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vi.Some Chemotherapy drugs and radiation therapy

Some of the medications that doctors prescribe when treating certain cancers like that affecting the breast and radiation therapies might increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay Mental stress and depression Stress and depression affect the heart of a woman more than a man’s. A woman’s heart and some of the interiors chambers are smaller than that of a man. The walls separating the chambers are also thinner. The smaller size makes the heart to pump blood faster, but it ejects lesser blood than that of a man by ten percent. The pulse rate for stressed women rises to make the heart to pump more blood, unlike men whose heart arteries constrict and raise blood pressure during stress. The problem for women occurs when stress turns to depression because it prevents them from maintaining a healthy lifestyle and adhering to recommendations by a doctor.

Women with inflammatory diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis as well as those from a familiarity with the history of cardiovascular diseases are at a higher risk.

Cardiovascular risk scores about age and gender show that men are more likely to get heart disease or stroke when younger. The risk of cardiovascular disease in women occurs when they are older but it is harder for them, and the treatment takes longer. A reason is that the age at which many get the disease is when they are likely to have other untreated risk factors such as blood pressure or diabetes.Cardiovascular Risks Sample Essay

 

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Child Mortality Sample Example

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Child Mortality Sample Example

Child mortality refers to the death of children under 14 years old. It is also called child death and encompasses neonatal, under-5 and age 5-14 mortality.Child Mortality Sample Example

It is an important aspect for the world that the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG4) aims at reducing the mortality rate of the under-five children in the 1990s by two thirds. Many of these children do not need to die because the most causes of child deaths occur because of preventable diseases or condition that include infection and disease. Children in developing countries are at the risk of dying from lack of clean drinking water and malnutrition.

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Developed countries might not suffer from lack of resources and services to support proper nutrition, healthcare as well as living conditions that contribute to an increase in child mortality rates. The UK is one of the developed countries that can afford to invest in preventive health care based on behavioral change, cultural and social change with a long-term impact on the lives of children and mothers.

The death rates of infant and child in the UK has been on a decline and continued to fall. The challenge for authorities is that UK child mortality rates are one of the worst western Europe to the point of having close to 2,00 excess deaths annually compared to Sweden which is the best performer.Child Mortality Sample Example There are still a high number of babies who die within a year of birth. It is a disturbing reversal of the gains by National Health Service in reducing infant mortality over several decades. Health charities, professionals and midwives are among the people who voice a serious concern at the trend of child deaths in England and Wales.

The rate of child deaths rose from 2.6 neonatal deaths per 1,000 births to 2.7 for every 1,000. The infant mortality rate survey shows that deaths within the first year of child’s life rose from 3.7 -3.8 for every 1,000 live births within a year. The concerns became rife after an increase two year in a row.

Cause of Child Mortality Less Than 14 Years in the UK

However, there are variations in the mortality rates across the UK meaning that it requires much more effort to ensure that health services give the vulnerable babies a chance for survival. The key area where the UK has an extremely high rate of child mortality is infant and children deaths due to chronic conditions.

Several reports also show that health services always do not deliver optimal care for children and teenagers creating room for loss of lives.

Social inequalities are another factor contributing to death rates. Many of these causes of childhood deaths have a way of preventing them. The main causes of child mortality in the UK are:

1.Low birth weight

Premature birth and low birth weight increase the risk of child mortality mostly because of the lack of prenatal care diminish the growth of the fetus. Mothers who are pregnant without getting any prenatal care should take a step of informing the state health department about lack of medical once they access it to give extra attention in the remaining gestation period. It is essential for NHS to educate the pregnant and sexually active teens about the importance of prenatal care as they are the age group that neglects to attend antenatal care clinics.Child Mortality Sample Example

A mother’s health status and environment during pregnancy affect the way a fetus develops and pregnancy development. Failing to take good care increases the risk of child mortality due to occurrences such as congenital disabilities, low birth weight, preterm birth and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). A mother should make an effort to start receiving early and regular prenatal care to promote the best outcome for both the baby and mother.

2.Preterm birth and its outcomes

There is no definitive way of preventing preterm birth the second most frequent cause of infant mortality in some developed countries. Researchers and healthcare providers keep on finding multiple fronts to solve the problem by finding trying methods of stopping preterm labor from progressing to delivery and identifying ways to improve health outcomes for infants born before their time. These infants usually have low birth weight. The cause of preterm birth can be poor nutrition or chronic health conditions. Delivery before time in the previous pregnancy is a risk factor for women in other pregnancies, and they should inform medical practitioners to receive care that will reduce the risks.

3.Congenital disabilities (birth defects)

Congenital disabilities are one of the leading causes of infant mortality in the UK another first world countries such as the United States. Different types of birth defects can even start during pregnancy. Pregnant women can do several things that contribute to reducing the risk of particular birth defects such as taking adequate folic acid before getting pregnant and during pregnancy to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects.Child Mortality Sample Example

4.Unsafe Infant sleep environment

The unsafe environment for children can lead to child mortality. It is much riskier for infants who are more likely to get SIDS (sudden infant death) that cause sudden death for infants younger than a year due to unexplainable reason even after thorough investigations. SIDS is a type within a broad category of the causes why infants pass on. They are called SUID sudden unexpected infant death category that includes the other causes of sleep-related deaths. These include accidental suffocation, vehicle collisions, infections, and other unexpected causes.

SIDs has been decreasing in the last few years, but the rate of other sleep-relating causes of infant deaths has been on the rise. Accidental injury, for instance, has risen to become one of the top five causes of infant mortality. There are no definite ways of preventing SIDs, but it is still possible for mothers to reduce their risk as well the causes of other sleep-related causes of death to infants. For instance, removing of toys or other objects from a baby’s sleeping cot, placing a baby on the back when sleeping and loosening the beddings are some of the ways that reduce the risk.

5.Lack of newborn screening

Failing to screen a newborn might cause failure to detect hidden conditions and eventual cause death. Tests after birth help with detection of certain conditions that midwives and doctors who participate in delivery cannot notice at the time. Some of these conditions can quickly cause severe disability and even death if no treatment takes place within a short period of birth. Infants born with some of the conditions that cause child mortality to appear to be in excellent health and may not even be from parents with a family history of the disease.Child Mortality Sample Example

Screening after birth involves drawing a few drops of blood from the heel of an infant and applying it to a particular paper. The doctor sends the spots for analysis in a laboratory and begins treatment immediately if the test reveals the presence of a condition that causes infant mortality.

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Most hospitals in the UK can screen more than 20 conditions. Infants born to parents with a history of specific illnesses that could put their lives at risk or are born with high risk will undergo an additional screening beyond the usual under observance of a health care specialist. Testing to achieve early detection and intervention helps to save the lives of children and improve the quality of their future life.

6.Smoking by the mother during pregnancy

Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are putting their fetuses and infants at the risk of adverse outcomes that could cause their death. There is a possibility that children from the lineage of a smoking grandmother will develop childhood asthma.

Cigarettes are especially dangerous for a fetus because they contain an addictive substance known as nicotine, carbon monoxide, and numerous other materials that a smoker inhales from a cigarette. The danger extends to the baby because all these substances directly go to the baby through the bloodstream. Smoking during pregnancy will lower the amount of oxygen that the baby can access and increase the following:Child Mortality Sample Example

  • Heart rate
  • Lung and other respiratory problems
  • Birth defects
  • Sudden infant death syndrome
  • Premature birth
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
  • Low birth weight
  • Early death

In some instances, smoking mothers during pregnancy give birth to stillborn babies. Those who do not get adverse effects while young still face negative consequences during their subsequent health and development. Mothers who are at the exposure of second-hand cigarette smoke from a smoking partner or other environmental fumes are also more likely to put their unborn babies at risk and give birth to underweight infants with possible health problems. Children born of mothers who smoke during their gestation are at risk of dying from SID syndrome by three times than those whose mothers keep away from during their expectancy. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is also a risk factor for obesity in early childhood. The chances of a baby getting harm due to smoking during pregnancy increases with the number of cigarettes that a mother smokes. It does not mean that there is a there is a number which someone can term as safe.

Mothers who are at the exposure of second-hand cigarette smoke from a smoking partner or other environmental fumes are also more likely to put their unborn babies at risk and give birth to underweight infants with possible health problems.

Children born of mothers who smoke during their gestation are at risk of dying from SID syndrome by three times than those whose mothers keep away from during their expectancy. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is also a risk factor for obesity in early childhood.

The chances of a baby getting harm due to smoking during pregnancy increases with the number of cigarettes that a mother smokes. It does not mean that there is a there is a number which someone can term as safe.Child Mortality Sample Example

7.Accidents

Accidental deaths in children at the age of just one year up to 14 years that occur at home are a worrying cause of child mortality. Approximately 60 children under five years die as a result of an accident, and more than 76, 000 under age 14 get treatment in hospital for the same causes. The number is higher for children of fewer than five years by 40% meaning the number of mortality for this age group is also higher. Children of age 0-4 years are at a higher risk of home accidents than other generations. Boys are more likely to get injuries from accidents than girls.

Injuries are another frequent cause of death among the children after the first year of life although the most frequently occur due to unintentional injuries. The failure to reduce the deaths due to intentional injuries among the young people is another reason to cause a pressing concern. Falls account for the most number of accidents. Most severe injuries occur due to falls from a height and heat-related accidents. Other types of accidents that contribute to child mortality are:

Fire

Scalds and burns that occur due to exposure to hot items like iron boxes or open flames. Children have sensitive skins those adults which put them at more risk of scalds from hot bath water and beverages.Child Mortality Sample Example

Glass-related cuts

Poisoning by medicines, cosmetics, and household products that children reach without knowledge of the person caring for them. Strangulation when a child reaches an item that makes a tight loop around the neck or pulls a plastic container over the head to bock inhaling.

8.Neurological and developmental disorders

A neurological disorder is any condition that causes dysfunction in part of the nervous system or brain causing psychological or physical problems. Development of the brain starts during pregnancy continuing through infancy, childhood and up to adolescence. Most of the cells from before birth but the connection between them (neurons) does not develop until infancy. A child with neurological disorders gets developmental difficulties or misses essential milestones.

They cause complications that require lifelong management that is likely to cause death in a child who does not get the right support. Complications during childbirth can cause neurological disorders because the skulls are not entirely formed at this time thus exposing the brain to physical injuries. Supply o oxygen and blood from the umbilical cord can also be affected during birth causing a deprivation to the brain and causing damage.

Exposure by the mother to toxins can also cause neurological disorders because they can reach and damage the developing system of the baby through the placenta. Other causes of neurological disorders that are likely to cause mortality death include:Child Mortality Sample Example

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  • Chromosome abnormalities
  • Infections
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Immune disorders
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Spinal cord injuries
  • Premature and low birth weight
  • Postnatal infections

9.Shortage of midwives

The kind of care that a baby receives soon after birth has many contributions to the health status after that. The UK like other countries has a shortage of midwives which lowers the quality of care as the few available attend to a higher number of patients. It prevents them from giving much attention as necessary to each infant who could make them miss a crucial observation that may have revealed a presence of a condition that can put lives at risk. Midwives work for long hours which can cause a lapse in concentration which is a crucial factor in ensuring safe delivery and detection of life-threatening conditions.

There are various causes of child mortality under 14 years in the UK, but the above are the most common. Other causes of child death such as suicide due to depression, homicide and auto accidents are also contributors but too small extent. Child Mortality Sample Example

 

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Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

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Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has various treatment approaches, but it is essential first to determine what it means to have an ASD. It is a neurological and developmental disorder beginning early in childhood and lasts for the entire life of a person. It is called a spectrum disorder because it causes those who have the condition to experience a range of symptoms. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

It affects the way a person acts and interacts with other people, leans and communicates. Pervasive developmental disorders and what was known as Asperger syndrome are components of ASD.

It can make them have problems talking to people or looking others in the eye during conversations. They might also show signs of repetitive behaviors and restricted interest in many essential issues. The time that people with ASD take to put things in the right order is longer than other people. Others might repeat sentences again and again and do things that make them spear-like they are in their world.

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The origin or autism is in the brain development. The most notable signs and symptoms of autism emerge at 12-8 months of age. Some of the infants can develop until they reach the second year of life. They start losing their skills and generate a pattern called regression.

Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Until recently, there was no answer about the cause of autism spectrum disorder. Research finding is now providing more precise solutions. We now know that there is no single cause of autism just like it is not in one type. Scientists over the last five years have identified various rare gene mutations or changes with an association with autism. Autism risk genes according to findings from different studies are more than a hundred,

Around 15 percent of the cases occur because of a specific gene that medics can identify. Nevertheless, complex variable genetic risks combine with environmental factors to influence the development of brain early in life. The explanation shows that some non-genetic or environmental factors together with a genetic predisposition to autism influence an increase in the risk of children to get ASD. The most apparent evidence of the environmental risk factors are the events that happen before and during birth including: Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

  • Advanced parental age at conception (both the father and mother)
  • Severe maternal illness during expectancy
  • Extreme prematurity and birth weight
  • Some kinds of difficulties during birth especially those involving a period of oxygen deprivation to the brain
  • Exposure of the mother to air pollution and high levels of pesticides

The above factors do not cause ASD on their own but in combination with the genetic risk factors that appear to increase risk.

Researchers are increasing their efforts to study the role of the immune system in the occurrence of autism. A small body of developing research suggest s that mothers who take prenatal vitamins that containing folic acid before they conceive and during pregnancy reduce the risk of autism in their babies.

Treatment approaches on autism spectrum disorder interchange

Treating ASD requires a multidimensional approach as there no single cure for all the signs and symptoms. A multiple approach helps to maximize the ability of a patient to function by reducing the ASD symptoms and supporting development as well learning. Early intervention during per-school years allows children to learn critical social, functional, behavioral and communication skills. The range of treatments including the home and school-based interventions can be overwhelming making the patient change over time. The health care provider might recommend options and help to identify the most convenient resources.

Parents should make arrangements for early treatment if a diagnosis on their children shows that they have autism spectrum disorder by talking to experts about creating a treatment strategy. The procedure might involve a team of professionals with knowledge in various specialties necessary for meeting the needs of a child. The treatment options might include the following approaches that a patient receives in the combination that is most suitable for treating his or her type of ASD. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

1.Medications

No particular type of medicine improves the core signs of ASD but the medication that healthcare providers subscribe help to manage them. For instance, children who are hyperactive due to autism might get anti psychotic drugs that doctors sometimes use to treat extreme behavioral problems. Antidepressants help to reduce anxiety. It is essential to provide up to date information on medication or supplements to health care providers that a patient is taking. The reason is that some of the medicines and supplement might interact to cause dangerous side effects.

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2.Educational therapies

Children with autism spectrum disorder can benefit much from highly structured educational programs because they respond well. Some of the successful programs include a team of specialists and various other activities that improve social skills, behavior, and communication. Preschool children show good progress if they receive intensive and individualized behavioral interventions.

3.Behavioral and communication therapies

Many programs to treat ASD address a range of social, behavioral and language difficulties that occur as a result of the disorder. Some of the programs focus on reducing the problem behaviors as well as teach new skills. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample Other programs focus on teaching the children how they should act in social situations and communicate in a better way. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) helps children to learn new skills that they can generalize to multiple situations through a motivation system that rewards achievements.

Speech-language therapy: will help to improve the communication skills in children with ASD. For instance, they can learn the way to use a normal up and down rather than a flat tone when speaking. They also get lessons on how to maintain a two-way conversation, understand social cues such as hand gestures and make eye contact.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): Helps a child to change the way of thinking to gain better control of the emotions and the repetitive behaviors. It helps an ASD patient to learn techniques of controlling outbursts, obsessions, and meltdowns.

Social skills training: therapists teach the affected person in one-on-one sessions to impart skills on interacting with others and expressing themselves in better ways. The best approach to teach social skills is by making the patient model atypical behavior.

Applied behavior analysis

Applied behavior analysis is a technique that encourages positive social and communication skills but discourages undesirable behavior. A therapist will use praise and any other positive reinforcement’s methods that motivate the patient to change to achieve desired results. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Family therapies

Family therapies provide parent education and training. This training is a preserve of parents or those taking care of children with ASD to help them work on the social skills of the patient at home. Some families might also find a counselor to assist them in dealing with the challenges of living with someone who has autism. Parents and family members learn how to interact with ASD patients in ways that promote interaction skills, management of behavioral problems communication and teaching skills of daily living. It will also include ways to play with kids who have autism.

Other therapies for ASD.

There are many different therapies that a doctor can decide to apply after evaluating the needs of the patient with autism spectrum disorder. They can use speech therapy to improve the communication skills, physical therapy to improve mobility and balance and occupational therapy to training activities of daily living. A psychologist might recommend the right ways of addressing problem behavior.

Management of other existing conditions in autism spectrum disorder treatment

In some cases ASD, the patients will also have other medical and mental conditions that hinder living in the same manner as other people. It is essential to address the other these other conditions as part of the treatment approach. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Medical health issues

Children with ASD may have medical problems such as sleep disorders, stomach diseases, sleep disorders, and limited food preferences. It is essential for a doctor to define a way of managing any medical conditions together with autism therapy.

Mental health disorders

Teenagers and adults with ASD often have other mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. ASD doctor, a psychiatrist, community and service organizations can help in defining the best treatment for psychiatric conditions.

Complementary and alternative therapies

Because there is no definite cure for Autism Spectrum Disorder, many parents and those who are adults with the conditions try other therapies that complement the treatment approaches. The intention is to improve the life of the patient although some the alternative treatments have little or no research to prove their efficiency. It is important to determine those that provide the patient with benefits after use together with evidence-based therapies.

Examples of beneficial therapies are:

Sensory-based therapies: These are the therapies based on an unproven theory that the people who have autism spectrum disorder will have an auditory processing disorder that is a cause of problems in processing or tolerating sensory information such as balance, touch, and hearing. Therapists use materials such as squeeze toys, brushes or trampolines to stimulate the senses. These therapies are not evidence-based, but there is a possibility that they might offer some benefits but together with other treatments.

Creative therapies: Some of the parents take an option to supplement medical and educational intervention with music or art therapy that focuses on reducing the sensitivity of a child to sound or touch. These therapies might provide some benefit when in use with other treatments.

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Massage: Massage is relaxing, but there is not enough evidence to verify if it improves the symptoms of ASD.

Pet therapy:The purpose of this therapy is to get a person living with ASD a pet for companionship as well recreation, but there is a need to determine if the interaction with the animals has a way to improve the symptoms of the disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Harmless but non-evidence based alternative therapies

These complementary therapies might not cause any harm, but there is no evidence of their efficiency. They might include significant financial cost making it challenging to implement. These are some of the therapies in this category. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Acupuncture

Acupuncture is a method of complementary medicine that uses fine needles which an acupuncturist inserts into specific points that are deemed to be meridians (lines of energy) through the skin for treatment of different mental and physical conditions.

The use of acupuncture does not have research backing, but it remains one of the popular methods for improving ASD symptoms.

There is no straight way to explain the scientific functioning of acupuncture, but it helps to relieve pain and to relieve a range of other complaints. Acupuncture enthusiasts say that it works by balancing the vital energy with some believing that it has a neurological effect.The Chinese and eastern countries use it but it western medical doctors consider it a controversy.

Eating special diets

Restrictive diets might cause nutritional deficiencies to growing children. It is essential to pursue a restrictive diet will be better if it involves a consulting a registered dietician to develop an appropriate meal plan.

In the standard treatment that does not involve reliance on alternative therapies, doctors do not recommend a special diet for autism spectrum disorder, but it is essential to get proper nutrition. There is a belief that restricting gluten or casein in the diet might help to improve some of the symptoms. Gluten and casein are proteins in wheat and milk products.products.The action does not have a backing of any research and limiting dairy in daily food intake might prevent proper development of the bone. It is unnecessary and might even be dangerous because kids with autism spectrum disorder usually have thinner bones thus bone-building foods are essential. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

Dangerous treatment approaches

Their treatment approaches are in use, but experts say they do not have evidence about their benefits in treating symptoms of ASD and are even potentially dangerous. The methods that autism experts do not recommend are:

Chelation therapy: removal or mercury and any other heavy metals from the body. Experts say there is no evidence of success and it is too intensive for the patient.

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: Breathing oxygen in a pressurized chamber but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not given its approval.

IVIG(Intravenous immunoglobulin) infusions: no evidence to show its efficiency and it does not have any approval by FDA.

The new treatment approaches to autism spectrum disorder require a thorough evaluation to evaluation of the patient needs and evidence of efficiency before use. The patients require much support and care from the family even when taking medication and undergoing therapy. Autism Spectrum Disorder Sample

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Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

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Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

Infections occur due to different reasons. Some of them occur due to infections while others arise among family members in various generations due to genetically problems. There is a question as to whether Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic form of diabetes that occurs at adolescence or early in adulthood. MODY accounts for a low percentage of diabetes cases but is still a cause of worry. For example, up to 2% of 20 years or younger in the United States have MODY.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

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Researchers have found out that gene mutations are a cause of MODY thus it is in the gene. The gene mutations affect the pancreas interfering with its ability to produce insulin. It then leads to high levels of blood glucose and with time it may damage the body tissues. High blood glucose levels usually harm tissues in the blood vessels, eyes, nerves and kidneys .clinical features of MODY will depend on gene mutations affecting a person.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

Genes provide instructions within the cell on how to make proteins. The protein will malfunction if a gene undergoes change or mutation. Genetic mutations that cause diabetes affect the proteins that give the body an ability to produce insulin or the ability of insulin to reduce the blood glucose. A person has two copies for most genes after inheritance of one gene for each from both the father and mother.

Young people with some types of mutations might have a slightly higher level of blood sugars that stay stable throughout the life. They can have mild symptoms of diabetes or none but might not develop any long-term complications. It is only during a routine blood test that there will be the discovery of high blood glucose levels. Nonetheless, other forms of mutation require specific treatment with a type of oral diabetes medicine called sulfonylureas or insulin.

Usually, there is a confusion between MODY and diabetes type 1 and 2.

These are the most common types of diabetes and polygenic meaning that they have a relationship to defect or a change in the multiple genes. Environmental factors such as obesity for type 2 diabetes are also a contributor to the development of polygenic types of diabetes. These are the forms of diabetes that run in the family. Doctors diagnose polygenic types of diabetes by testing the blood sugar also known as blood glucose in individuals who show symptoms or risk factors for diabetes.

In the past, most people with MODY did not become overweight or obese. They also did not have other risk factors that occur during type 2 diabetes. This can be abnormal blood fat or high blood pressure levels. However, more people with MODY are showing signs of becoming overweight not because of diabetes but the general way of life where more people, especially in developed countries, are becoming obese.

Although MODY and type2 diabetes may run in families, those with the latter will have a family history of diabetes in successive generations. It means that MODY in a child is a manifestation of a similar condition in a parent and grandparent.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

Genetic Heterogeneity of MODY and causes

Heterogeneity means the diversity in character or content. Due to genetically diversity MODY are in the following types:

MODY1: Occurs due to the heterozygous mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor -4-alpha gene (HNF4A) on chromosome 20.

MODY2: The cause is a heterozygous mutation in glucokisanegene (GCK) on chromosome 7.

MODY3: MODY 3 occur due to a heterozygous mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha gene (HNF1A) on chromosome 12q24.2.

MODY 4: The cause is a heterozygous mutation in the pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein one gene, PDX1 on chromosome 13q12.1.

MODY5: Heterozygous mutation in a gene encoding hepatic transcription factor-2, TCF2 on chromosome 17cen-q21.3. Is the cause of MODY 5?

MODY 6: Heterozygous mutation in NEUROD1 gene on chromosome 2q32

MODY7: Heterozygous mutation inKLF11gene on chromosome2q32.

MODY8: MODY 8 also called diabetes pancreatic exocrine dysfunction syndrome occurs due to heterozygous mutation I CEL gene on the chromosome 9q34.

MODY9: Happens after a heterozygous mutation on the PAX4 gene on the chromosome 7q32.

MODY10: Occurs due to a heterozygous mutation in insulin gene (INS) on chromosome 11p15.5.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

MODY11: Heterozygous mutation in BLK gene 191305 on chromosome 8p23.

MODY13: Heterozygous mutation inKCNJ11 gene on chromosome11p15.

MODY14: Heterozygous mutation inAPPL1 gene on chromosome 3p14.

Common genes that cause the occurrence of MODY

Most maturity onset diabetes of the young cases occurs due to these causes.

HNF1-alpha-This gene is the cause of around 70 % of diabetes by reducing the amount insulin the pancreas should make. HNF1-alpha usually causes the development of diabetes in adolescence or the early twenties, and people it affects do not need to take insulin as part of their treatment. Group tablets in small doses called sulphonylureas can treat it in the same way it doctors use it for treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

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HNF1-beta-this type of MODY makes people get variety o health problems including uterine abnormalities, gout, and renal cysts in the kidneys alongside diabetes. The renal cysts often can occur in the womb before childbirth, but diabetes develops later and receptive to insulin treatment together with eating a healthy diet and regular physical exercises. The complications of diabetes can resemble those of HNF4-beta MODY.

HNF4-Alpha: This cause of MODY does not frequently occur like others, but it is likely to occur among the people who inherited a change in this gene are likely to have been born with a birth weight of 4 or kilos (nine pounds). The patient might have a history of low blood sugar at birth or soon after and might need treatment. The people with HNF4-alpha require therapy with a tablet that might require progress to use of insulin.

Glucokinase-glucokinase is a gene that helps the body in recognizing the level of blood glucose in the body. If this gene fails to work correctly, the body allows the level of blood glucose to increase and become higher than the average level. Blood glucose levels among the people with glucokinase MODY are slightly higher than usual amount which is between 5.5 to 8mmol/l.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

This type of MODY does not cause visible symptoms hence a doctor can only pick its existence through routine testing such as during pregnancy. MODY from glucokinase unlike other type does not long-term complications hence patients can manage it without any medical treatment. Physical activity and eating a healthy balanced diet helps to maintain the right levels of blood glucose and cholesterol which in turn decrease the risk of complications.

Study outcomes on Population genetics of Maturity-onset diabetes of the young

For many years, people associated onset of diabetes to age. Studies on MODY are not old as about the other types of diabetes, but there are still findings on research many years ago. The researchers were aiming to determine what it was, likely causes and the population where it was possible to occur. MODY is more prevalent in specific regions than others. Studies at various places and years by these researchers brought out these findings of MODY.

1979: Rimoin stated that it affects more people in Romania than at other places.

1987: Winter and other researchers out MODY in America was more common in the Black populations .they found a typical form in 12 out of 129 patients and in the last two generations of nine in 12 families in the probands. The study scope was on 12 probands and 14 of the diabetic relatives. There were no findings of cells in Islet cell auto antibodies, and thyroid microsomal auto antibodies were present in only one. The study did not have an increase in frequencies of insulin-dependent diabetes relating antigen HLA-DR3 and DR4 among the probands and diabetes did not co-segregate with HLA haplotypes in informative families.

1995: A study by Leadermann stated that MODY occurrence is about 5% among patients with type 2 diabetes in most populations.

2001: Fajans states that members of families with a clinical history that resembles diagnosis of MODY but did not have mutations in any of the MODY-relating genes makes up 15-20 per cent of the Europeans with clinical MODY. The percentage reaches the highest percentage in Japan where researchers say it goes up to 80%.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

MODY2 and MODY3 are the two most prevalent forms of diabetes in the young. They account for more that 80% of the MODY patients in Caucasians. Mutations in the HNF4A gene are not common, and even research on the Japanese populations where MODY is highly prevalent found that it affects only one out of 57 patients.

Other subtypes are rare disorders that only a few families report. According to the outcome of findings by Yamada et al. (2000) suggested that there is an explanation by known MODY genes about the existence of diabetes in 80% of MODY patients.

Studies on 146 families in a condition that fulfils the minimum criteria for MODY 2 had at least one member diagnosed for with the disease before age 25. Thirteen of the families had MODY3 mutations while mutations for two others were MODY2. Researchers did not find any presence of MODY1. Four of the MODY3 mutations were novel that researchers could not place in any type and refer to them as un-typed cases. The conclusion is that some of the patients get MODY due to defects in the unknown genes but appear to have insulin resistance.

Causes of Autosomal Dominant And Recessive Mutations

Autosomal dominant mutations cause most forms of MODY meaning that these conditions can pass on to children even if it is just one parent who has or carries the disease gene. A parent with dominant mutations carries a gene with a 50 per cent chance of getting a child with monogenic diabetes. Some MODY cases also occur as a result of Autosomal recessive condition.

Autosomal dominant cases occur when a father or a mother are carriers MODY, and it puts the probability of passing the mutated gene to an offspring by 50%. In contrast, children can only get MODY by autosomal recessive if they inherit mutation from two parents. A child in such an instance has a 25 per cent chance of contracting monogenic diabetes.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

Testing for recessive forms of monogenic diabetes can show whether parents or siblings are carriers without disease for latent genetic conditions that their children could inherit. It is possible to inherit mutations from a mother only (X linked mutations), but it is not widespread just like the occurrence of spontaneous mutations.

Genetic Testing of MODY

Doctors recommend genetic testing for MODY in the case of:

  • Diagnosis of diabetes within the first six months of age
  • Diagnosis of diabetes in children and the young adults especially those with a strong family history. These are the children who do not show regular features of diabetes type 1 or type 2 such as the presence of auto-antibodies, obesity, and the other relating metabolic features.
  • Stable mild fasting hyperglycemia especially if there is no presence of obesity

It is essential for those who think that a member of their family might be having a monogenic form of diabetes to consult a doctor. A doctor will offer advice on how to get the appropriate treatment and provide the right information about the existing type of diabetes such as stopping insulin.

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Due to the high-risk chance of 50 per cent risk of passing MODY that a parent carries, it is important to discuss the risk to any children he or she plans to have and possible solutions. Genetic testing is available even for other members of the family of persons who think that they might have MODY.

MODY Testing Procedure

Testing MODY involves taking blood for pancreatic antibodies and urine or blood tested for C-peptide which is something that a personal doctor can do. Another method is to draw blood for genetic testing. The procedure starts with a doctor taking the blood from a patient but will send it to a specialist centre for testing together with the details of diagnosis and treatment.Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

Treatment and Management of MODY

Treatment of monogenic diabetes depends on a specific genetic mutation that causes the condition. Treatment with an oral diabetes medicine called sulfonylurea can help the body to release more insulin into the blood of people with certain forms of MODY.

Other people require insulin injections, yet others can manage the disease by lifestyle chance such as starting to eat a healthier diet and exercising. A diabetes specialist can work together with a patient’s physician to develop a beneficial plan for treating and managing diabetes based on the results of genetic testing.

MODY is a disease that a patient and doctor can manage and treat. Early detection makes a significant difference in the success of the treatment strategy. An accurate diagnosis is also essential in determining the correct pathway. Maturity Onset Diabetes Assignment

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