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Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

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Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

The small intestine is prone to attack by bacteria that make it their home as intestinal parasites. It is even worse when the intestine suffers from food poisoning, nutritional neglect, and antibiotic use or self-sabotage. The over 30 feet small intestine should be almost sterile, unlike the shorter large intestine which holds most of the microbial biomass. An intestine parasite lives in the gut and often reproduces to cause much damage. It might also spread to other body parts. Drinking unsafe water and poor sanitation habits increase the risk of getting intestinal parasites. The best form of defense against these parasites is to maintain good hygiene.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

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Intestinal parasites prefer living in the guts (intestines) because they find it a comfortable shelter when they can reproduce. They are usually worms such as tape or pinworm or Protozoa like Giardia. The parasites can sometimes stay for long in the intestines without causing infection or showing any symptoms.

Worms are tiny thread-like organisms that find shelter in the rectum. At night they crawl out through the anus to lay eggs on the nearby skin which causes terrible itching. Worms are unpleasant, but they do not cause disease. Eggs from pinworm are very persistent living for up to 14 days outside the body on clothes, bedding or any other objects that come into contact. It is not always that the adult worm becomes visible. Other common types of intestinal parasites are:

  • Amebiasis
  • Dientamoeba
  • Blastocystis hominis
  • Ascariasis

Parasites are in plenty in many places around the world. Much transmission takes place in crowded places such as daycares where some children are carriers of some form of the parasite with unsafe water and poor sanitation increases the risk of spread. These were the best ways to prevent the spread of intestinal parasites:

Nail clipping

Parasites especially roundworms transmit much among school going children when they get into contact with contamination on the soil or feces. The parasite travels to the intestine after getting into contact and consumption of a contaminated substance. They will quickly grow and reproduce in the gut. Symptoms may appear when they become bigger and increase after reproduction.

Intestinal parasites (IP) spread much through fingernails in primary school environments. We all know that nails accumulate dirt and contribute more to spreading infections. Most people take care of their bodies but neglect the small areas like the finger and toenails which are also essential parts of the body. It is imperative to keep them clean, clean by cleaning, cutting and trimming. Most people forget and neglect the system as they consider it as less critical hence let them grow and get infections.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

The World Health Organization (WHO) places the number of people with intestinal worms at 10% of the population. Children are more susceptible to the intestinal worms because they usually play in an environment with contaminated soils such as school playgrounds and sandboxes. Older adults with a weakened immune system are also at high risk.

A study to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites in school going children took place in primary schools of Lahore District. The researchers collected 300 nail samples from primary school children of both genders but at different ages. They found the prevalence of IP from fingernail dirt of both boys and girls. The dirt collected from nails spreads other infections as well thus keeping them clean, and trim is essential.

Appropriate hand hygiene includes thorough cleaning and trimming of fingernails as they can harbor and germs contributing to spread of parasites and worms. In addition to cutting the fingernails short, it is essential to clean the undersides frequently with soap and water. Longer fingernails can harbor more dirt, parasites, and bacteria than shorter nails thus have more potential contributing to spreading of infection.

It is essential to thoroughly clean all the tools for the task such as a nail clipper and file before grooming nails or clipping. Sterilizing equipment before use is especially crucial when using nail tools after someone else especially in commercial salons where many people share them. It helps to prevent infections of the nails which cause swelling on the surrounding skin, pain in surrounding areas and thickening of a finger or the toenail. Some of the diseases might be too serious to heal without medicine or medication by a physician.

These measures help to prevent the spread of intestinal parasites, nail infections, and germs among the children.

  • Trimming the nails often to keep them short
  • Scrubbing the underside of nails with water and soap or a nail brush at every hand wash.
  • Training children not to bite or chew their nail
  • Avoiding cutting of cuticles because they are barriers that prevent infection

According to the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, clipping the nails weekly reduces the number re-infections by 49 percent.

Hand washing

Regular cleaning of hands with soap reduces rates of intestinal parasite and other infections from occurring by 68 percent. Intestinal parasites and infectious diseases can spread from one person to another by contaminated hands. These diseases include gastrointestinal infections such as those occurring due to Salmonella. Proper washing of hands can help to prevent the spreading of germs like viruses and bacteria that cause the disease.

Some forms of gastrointestinal infections are likely to cause serious infections more so to children or adults with weakened immune systems. When school going children should wash hands to reduce the risk of intestinal parasites It is essential that kids wash their hands thoroughly at these times:

  • After using the toilet
  • Before eating
  • After using a handkerchief or tissue to clean the nose
  • Before and after touching a sick person or child
  • After playing with solid or handling other dirt
  • After treating animals

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How do intestinal parasites and other germs spread by hand?

IPs and other pathogens get to the hands and fingernails of school-age children if they touch:

  • Dirty hands of other children
  • Contaminated items or surfaces
  • A cough, sneeze or others body fluids by an infected person

When children touch these unhygienic items and surfaces, they touch their mouth, nose, eyes and it is only a matter of time before they spread to their school and playing mates.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

Promoting hand washing with soap together with clipping nails are successful strategies for decreasing intestinal parasite infection or re-infection rates in school-age children. A study published by Mekelle University, Ethiopia in PLOS Medicine concludes as much. To reach this conclusion, researchers did a cluster randomized controlled trial on 367 parasite-negative school going children in Northern Ethiopia after a random assignment to a hand washing or nail clipping intervention. Some of the pupils were in the interventions and others in the non-intervention group for six months.

Field workers in the hand washing intervention visited a household that was part of the study each week encouraging the children in the group and other family members to clean their hands

with water and soap. They insisted on hand washing after visiting a toilet, and before meals. They checked on the use of soap by each household.

Field workers in nail intervention clipped nails of the children in the group each week. After adjustment for factors that are likely to cause infection such as the source of drinking water and latrine use, it is only 14% of children in the hand washing with soap groups get re-infection with intestinal parasites compared to the 29% of those who were not in a hand washing group. These are kids in nail clipping or none of the interventions. The number of children nails clipping groups who got re-infection was 17% while 26% of those who were not in this intervention got re-infection.

A noteworthy finding is that hand washing without nail clipping significantly reduces the rate of anemia in children.

These findings support the importance of implementing of proper hand washing and weekly nail clipping as a measure to maintain public health as a way of reducing parasite infection rates in the resource-limited regions. Although these interventions were efficient under the trail conditions that included intensive monitoring, the researchers did not follow up how hand washing and nail clipping works under the real-life situations.

Why is it important to use water and soap?

Washing hands with water get rid of most of the bacteria. Use of running water is safer than stagnant water in a basin because it gets contamination through use.

There is a debate on whether to use cold, warm or hot water to wash hands. The assumption has been that the hot water can link parasites, bacteria and other contaminants from the hands but there is no evidence to show this and other benefits. Hot temperature of water to wash hands could increase the irritant capacity of soap or damage the natural oils to cause contact dermatitis over time.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

Soap is important in hand washing because using it together with water will remove more disease-causing organisms tan just water. People who avoid using soap because it causes their skin to irritate should find a brand that has a different pH. It can be neutral, alkaline or slightly acidic. Some of the perfumes found in soap might also irritate. Replacing soaps that irritate with hand-friendly type will help those who are uncomfortable when washing hands with soap.

Liquid soap is better for hand washing that a bar soap particularly at school or other places where many people use the same one. Bar soap is still better in cleaning hands if there is no liquid soap. There is no proof that antibacterial soap will provide more advantage in clearing intestinal parasite from the hands. If a child follows all the hand cleaning steps, any type will provide the benefits.

Antibacterial soap

When following the hand washing steps outlined above, all soaps are equally effective at removing disease-causing germs.Antibacterial soap is not a necessity and does not offer an advantage over regular soap. The way of storing the soap can affect its cleanliness and by extension the efficiency in cleaning the hands. Keeping the soap for long in areas such as closed sections, or puddle of water can cause the development of bacteria that spread to the hands when someone touches the soap. The hands may smell clean, but in reality, they are not any cleaner. Proper hand washing techniques to reduce the risk of intestinal parasites Proper hand washing takes these steps:

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  • Wet the hands clean and running water then turn the tap off
  • Apply soap to the hands and lather it well for about 20 seconds or longer when the dirt is ingrained.
  • Rub the hands together in a rapid movement across all hand surfaces
  • Cleaning the hand surface should include the back of the hands, space between the fingers, wrists and under the fingernails.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper
  • If possible, it is crucial to remove items such as watches and rings before washing the hands or move to clean under them as microorganisms or parasites might exist under them.
  • Rinse the hands thoroughly under running water to ensure complete removal of all traces of soap
  • Air dries the hands and uses a clean towel to wipe them. Hot air dryers are also good for during the hand.
  • Dry under the skin under any rings as accumulating moisture can cause infection in future.

It is more hygienic for a household with school going children to have a towel for each. They should carry a handkerchief or smaller towel drying their hands at school. These towels and handkerchiefs require frequent washing.

Nail clipping and hand washing are an essential step in reducing the risk of intestinal parasites to school going children, but it is necessary to keep the surfaces, items, and toys they touch clean. The beddings and clothing should also be clean. It is also essential to keep reminding the children about washing their hands after touching dirt and before eating anything. They should even know about the importance of avoiding filthy surfaces as intestinal parasites might spread before they wash their hands.Intestinal Parasites Essay Paper

 

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ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper

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ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper

Psycho surgery and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). What is the difference between them? What is the area of their employment? What wins: complications or testimonies? What are the main testimonies for these procedures nowadays? Is it steel worth doing and undergo them? It is necessary to answer these questions. A great number of books and manuals is devoted to these ways of treatment in psychiatry and a great number of works is devoted to the ethical aspect of these manipulations.ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper

Psycho surgery appeared in the Middle Ages. The first famous psycho surgeon was Gottlieb Burkhardt. In 1935 Egash Monish carried out the first lobotomy – one of the type of psychosurgical operations and even was awarded with Nobel prize for it. In 1936 American psychiatrist Walter Freeman carried out his first   lobotomy with electroconvulsive treatment as anesthesia. It was the beginning of the ECT epoch. Since then ECT was widely employed for the treatment of different psychiatric disorders, something about one million people in the world undergo ECT every year.

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Psychosurgical manipulations, such as lobotomy or cyngulotomy etc., implies rough mechanical destruction of the brain tissue with the help of different surgical and pseudosurgical instruments. ECT in its turn means destruction of the several centers of the drain with the help of electric current, which changes chemical processes in the brain, increases the level of oxygen consumption by the brain tissue and causes electric scald of the brain. All these changes are irreversible ones. ECT is carried out under general anesthesia including muscle relaxants in order to prevent fractures of the vertebral bodies. Extended explanation of ETC methods, testimonies and contradictions is given in numerous articles (eterchev etc. 160-170; Lisanby 139-143).

In general, there is no difference between ECT and psychosurgery, because of the common result – death of the neurons. Only mechanism is different.ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper ECT and psychosurgery are obviously ineffective and undoubtedly dangerous. It is necessary to remember that neurons are unable to restore. It is impossible to renew neural cells. ECT causes impairment of the brain which is revealed as serious and irreversible amnesia, fainting fit, loss of orientation on time and place. The next point is that not only neurons are destroyed but the brain tissue as well, including all the cells of microglia which provide a great deal of functions, blood capillaries are destroyed also, but the mechanism of their impairment is different: in the case of psychosurgical manipulations – it will be mechanical impairment – hemorrhage area around; in the case of ECT the capillary wall permeability increases and all the toxins from blood penetrate into the brain tissue, and the center of necrosis appears. Both of these two types of treatment are too invalid ones.   Both of them lead to utter destruction of personality. Let’s recall “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” which shows real picture of destruction. We may also recall Ernst Hemingway with his suicide  after ECT, etc. Shock causes condition of euphoria which erases from the memory only memories of depression but doesn’t hit the real target.

In spite of the wide spreading of depression disorders  in population (more than 150 million patients throughout the world) (World Health Organisation 160),  the problem of depression in general is out of these ways of treatment. Depression as well as aggression is some kind of psychological powerful drug, which try to catch as many personalities as possible. It is very “comfortable” to be in depression, to pity yourself, to enjoy uselessness of your own and revel in indifference of the world to your person. I t is simply necessary to reveal the origin of the depression and let it to be recognized by yourself.ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper

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While discussing “Applying Psychology in the 21st Century Beating the Odds: Preventing Psychological Disorders Before They Start” (Robert S. Feldman 512) we can say that all of us are from the childhood and all of us are conditioned by external circumstances: by our parents, teachers, so-called friends etc. Children of depressed parents are at increased risk of developing depression themselves, because they are conditioned by them, and they don’t know other way of living. That is, it is necessary to behave yourself consciously in order not to treat with ECT your own children and in order to avoid depression.  It is also necessary to have a private talk with children in order to reveal depression symptoms and to prevent suicide outcome. Psychologists have to examine psychological status of the risk children family. According to the genetic screening for these at risk children, it is worth mentioning that depression is a kind of social disease, it mainly depends on feeling of aloofness, loneliness of children in this modern world. The aim of psychologists in these conditions is to teach children to reveal the cause of their depression, to perceive their psychological status and to cope with it without any pseudo adaptogens such as alcohol and drugs in order to save their personalities to notice all the bright sides of the world, to realize their existence and their absolutely necessity for life in general.  The problem of depression is a real problem of the present time which we have to solve nowadays.ECT and Psycho surgery Nowadays Paper

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Modern Psychology Assignment Essay

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Modern Psychology Assignment Essay

Modern psychology is a fairly extensive system knowledge, it incorporates a system of disciplines associated with different areas of practice. According to the free online dictionary, psychology is “the science that deals with mental processes and behavior”. The main principle of classification of psychology’s branches is the principle of the psyche’s development of the human activity, according to which there are a lot of different areas of psychology depending on human activities.Modern Psychology Assignment Essay

General psychology occupies a special place among other branches of psychology. It explores the most common patterns of mental activity of the adult normal person. The content of general psychology is the main principles of science, its methods, a system of concepts, generalization and abstraction of research results obtained in different areas of psychology.

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Developmental psychology studies the mental patterns of human development, the formation of various mental processes and mental personality traits. In developmental psychology there are the following sections: child psychology, psychology of adolescence, adult psychology, psychology of aging. The main task of developmental psychology is the disclosure of age psychology, as well as establishing patterns of transition from one age period to another, and finding the most favorable periods of the formation of various mental personality traits.

Educational psychology explores the psychological foundations of education and training, and it is directly related to developmental psychology, since psychological aspects of training and education can not be disclosed without regard to age and individual characteristics of children.Modern Psychology Assignment Essay The task of educational psychology is to determine the content of training and education, identifying requirements for textbooks, search and study of rational methods of training and education, providing leadership in mental activities and behavior of students, promoting their mental development. In addition, educational psychology studies the relationship between teacher and student, requirements related to the individual teacher, as well as it reveals the content and structure of educational abilities.

Social psychology studies the phenomena that occur in the interaction between people in different organized or unorganized social groups, the characteristics of these groups, the position of the individual in them, as well as the processes associated with the group’s functioning.

Psychology of labor studies psychological aspects of human labor activity, the psychological aspects of scientific management, professionally important qualities of the person in respect of any profession, career counseling and physical fitness problems, and has several sections which are also the separate branches of psychological science: engineering psychology, aviation psychology, space psychology.

Psychology of art examines the psychological components of art activities directed to creating works of art, revealing patterns of human perception of these works, as well as the characteristics of the flow of feelings caused by artwork.

Legal psychology examines the problems associated with the psychological aspects of the investigation, analysis of evidence, the requirements for examination and psychological characteristics of the offender, motives of crime, prisoner’s psychology and principles of his rehabilitation. Medical psychology deals with psychotherapy, mental hygiene, communication problems between doctor and patient.Modern Psychology Assignment Essay

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Pathopsychology explores the various forms of violations of people’s normal mental activities, as well as different disrupting of normal mental development. Comparative psychology studies psychics of animals, allowing to uncover the prehistory of human consciousness.

The existence of a large number of different areas of psychology is a testament to the wide range of its practice using.

The problems studied by psychology, cover a wide range of problems ranging from researching of the experiences and perceptions, to researching of massive psychic phenomena. This is natural, since solving problems that are somehow related to human, requires study of its psyche.Modern Psychology Assignment Essay

 

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Personality Psychology Example Essay

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Personality Psychology Example Essay

Psychoanalytic theory is one of the personality theories that aim at explaining the reasons behind the behavior of individuals. This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic theory has three major assumptions, which are psychic determinism, unconscious motivation, and basic instincts. The given research seeks to explain these assumptions in details.Personality Psychology Example Essay

According to unconscious determinism, Freud observed that the mind of individuals could be divided into three parts. The first part is a conscious part. In this case, an individual is very attentive and thinks before doing anything. For example, one may be carefully watching the environment he/she is in and interpreting it. Such an individual is said to be in a conscious state. The other part is the precociousness mind. In this case, an individual is not very attentive on what is happening in the environment. An example is whereby one may be listening to music but cannot say later what the songs were about. This is because such an individual was inattentive. The last part is the subconscious mind, which controls most of the behaviors of individuals.Personality Psychology Example Essay The theory argues that individuals are able to control their conscious up to a certain level. This is why people engage in behaviors that they would not have engaged in if they were attentive. For example, people would not fight if there was consciousness and they had a chance to think carefully. Freud argued that the unconscious mind thinks and then makes individuals behave in a certain way.

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The assumption of basic instincts explains that there are two instincts that influence the behavior of individuals, which are life and death instincts. Life instincts are exerted because of struggle to live. Human beings struggle to reproduce, have pleasure, and survive. Energy is therefore created to ensure that these desires are achieved. People therefore make sure that they avoid hunger and pain. This is what leads to behaviors such as being cooperative and other social behaviors among people.Death instincts lead to destructive behaviors such as fights. According to the assumption, people fear death. They, therefore, act in a way to avoid it. Energy is created in the body to ensure that measures are taken against death. People who engage in aggressive behaviors are said to act so due to the energy generated in the body to fight against death.

Psychic determinism explains that every behavior of an individual is predetermined. This assumption explains that no action can occur spontaneously without reason.Personality Psychology Example Essay The assumption claims that the unconscious desires of an individual may make one behave in a certain way. For example, when an individual forgets the name of an individual, there must be a reason for that. When an individual is asked some questions, he/she may answer in the wrong way. This cannot be taken as being accidental. If such an individual was carefully questioned, it would be revealed that there is a reason behind such a slip of tongue. Complexions in the mind of an individual make an individual portray certain behaviors.

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It is important to note that none of these assumptions can solely influence the behavior of a certain person. Psychic determinism, unconscious motivation, and basic instincts work together in shaping the behavior of an individual. However, all of the assumptions show that people are under no much control of their behavior. The theory demonstrates that there are inner forces in an individual that make him/her behave in a certain way. Thus, it can be concluded form the theory that individuals lack total control of the decision they make and that is why they may end up engaging in behavior that they may not like later.Personality Psychology Example Essay

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