Describe The Entrepreneurial Process From Idea Generation To The Commercialization And Implementation Of The
Describe the entrepreneurial process from idea generation to the commercialization and implementation of the new business venture and discuss the attributes of successful entrepreneurs. To Do or Not To Do (An Entrepreneurial Case Study) Dave was the chief real estate appraiser for a large financial institution (Bank A) that had just been bought by another large financial institution (Bank B). The “buying institution” did not need another chief appraiser and gave Dave a severance package with their blessings for his success in the future. The local chief lending officer of Bank B indicated that, if Dave went into business on his own, he (Dave) would receive considerable work from the new merger. Dave considered going into business on his own but was also approached by another financial institution (Bank C) in the same city to join their appraisal staff. Personnel at Bank C knew Dave for over thirty years and trusted his work. While a salary had not been solidified at Bank C, likely it would have been $60,000 plus or minus a few percentage points plus the usual fringe benefits of vacation time, sick time, a partial contribution of a retirement plan and some future stock options. It looked like a pretty good deal for Dave and the offer of employment was firm after three meetings between Dave and Bank C. Guaranteed, so to speak. But, Dave knew, to be an entrepreneur, you have to have an acceptance of no guarantees. But Dave was not sure if he really wanted to go corporate again. He did realize the benefits of being corporate but he wanted it to be “his” corporation which he had been considering even before Bank A was purchased by Bank B. What he had not considered was an offer by Bank C. Dave now had a choice between joining an established corporation as a staff appraiser or forming his own company. He was basically making a choice between being “on staff” or an entrepreneur. He knew that being an entrepreneur meant that he would need to have a tolerance for risk taking. Financially, Dave was personally OK with either option but liked the freedom of working on his own schedule, which would be the entrepreneurial route. But, there are downsides to the entrepreneurial route as opposed to the corporate offering he had received. Dave prepared a “decision table” to assist him in making a quantitative decision. He realized that, whatever the quantitative decision table results were, his own personal feelings would likely be what he did unless there had been an overwhelming indication from the decision table. Entrepreneurs have to make tough decisions. Dave had to structure his decision table such that it would be free from his own biases so he met with two other company owners, in separate luncheons, and asked them about their positive and negative factors in owning their own business. Dave knew these two other appraisers since he worked with them before going corporate and the other two appraisers had no problem knowing Dave may soon be one of their competitors. Dave prepared the following decision table, based on these meetings. Dave’s Decision Table No. Factors Become an entrepreneur Accept the corporate position 1 Possibility of failure-an entrepreneurial negative x 2 Income potential limitless-entrepreneurial positive x 3 Giving up corporate opportunity x 4 Extended work hours-if a negative factor x 5 Responsible for own health insurance x 6 Responsible for own FICA x 7 Current availability of equipment x 8 Current availability of potential clients x 9 Acceptance of uncertainty x 10 Desire to be his “own boss” x 11 Freedom to choose assignments x 12 Freedom to pursue other income sources x 13 Potential “Corporate Power” in future x 14 Stability of fixed guaranteed income x 15 Having income when there is no work x 16 Potential for personal expansion x 17 Office location x 18 Entrepreneurial business structure x 19 Potential entrepreneurial start-up partners x 20 Personal confidence in ability x When Dave constructed his decision table, he “brainstormed” it. He did not intend to group factors, but instead, wrote down the first twenty factors that came to his mind. He felt that if some factor did not immediately come to mind while constructing the table, it likely was not important and was not included. Once the table had been constructed, he did not change any factors even if new ones became evident as he felt the original list contained strong factors. Entrepreneurs have to be creative Dave knew that some factors would lead to going with an existing corporation (Bank C) and some lead to his becoming an entrepreneur with his own corporation. After preparing his decision table, Dave analyzed each factor, some more than others since some were not important to him. Dave felt that the possibility of failure was an important issue in his decision making since he felt that, if his new venture failed, he may have a hard time getting a position like he had been offered in the corporate world. If this were the most important factor in his decision making table, he would not have considered any of the others. Dave felt the potential for limitless income to be important and would be curtailed if he took the corporate position and he was not really sold on going corporate if there was an entrepreneurial alternative, which there was. While working extended hours, as an entrepreneur was a negative, it was not that much of a negative but he felt that this factor was a positive in the corporate world. Likewise, health insurance and FICA favored the corporate decision even though, if he had been successful in his entrepreneurial venture, these would be taken care of. The health insurance issue was considered more important than the FICA issue. Dave knew enough about taxation that he could, as an entrepreneur; take a good deal of net income as dividends, thus avoiding FICA taxes on those funds. As an entrepreneur, it is necessary to have at least a working knowledge of several business disciplines. Dave already had all the equipment he needed to start his own business and he was well known in the community having been in the business over 40 years. One of the major factors Dave considered was the ability to be his own boss and take only the assignments he wanted to take. Some appraisal assignments are very complicated and being a single-person entrepreneur at the start would limit the amount of market data he could acquire as opposed to the extensive research and marketing tools corporate appraisers have available to them. He felt that it is better to pass on an assignment that he was not equipped to complete. The successful entrepreneur knows when to accept or decline a possible business venture. Dave felt that the ability to pursue other income sources to be important which include teaching real estate courses through one of the largest real estate schools in the state located in Orlando. If he had been a staff corporate appraiser, these assignments would not be available to him. As an entrepreneur. Dave could take on these other income assignments. The successful entrepreneur will make himself or herself available to diversity of income streams. Dave did not consider the “Corporate Power” structure as being particularly attractive to him but it would lead to deciding on the corporate position if it had been. Stability of fixed income and having income when there is no work is definitely an advantage in the corporate world. When there are no assignments, as an entrepreneur, there is no income. Generally, when there is no work in the corporate world, there is still a payday especially if the bank (like Bank C) does their own internal appraising for loans from their own customers. It is like a guaranteed income. The successful entrepreneur has to have a high degree of acceptance of uncertainty. The potential for personal expansion does not mean Dave would be trying to expand his business rather his personal expansion factor would be he would be expanding his experience to being appraiser, review appraiser, bookkeeper, marketing director, public relations director, and many other jobs. The successful entrepreneur is a self-starter. He liked the idea of not having to be the human resources director since the business would include only him. At least at the onset of the entrepreneurship. A corporate office location is nice but not necessary for entrepreneurship. In the real estate sales or appraisal business, the professional goes to the client’s property as opposed to the client coming to the professional’s office. Dave had enough equipment and room in his own home for his office so this was a positive for the entrepreneurial decision. Selecting an appropriate entrepreneurial business structure was important but Dave knew how to form a corporation and that would be the least of his concerns at start-up. Finally, Dave had a high degree of personal confidence in his professional abilities and this is perhaps one of the foremost considerations in going into business for one’s self as an entrepreneur. If you are not confident that you can be successful, with the skills you already possess—not those you plan to learn—you are destined to fail as an entrepreneur. Dave made his decision after carefully considering his decision table, speaking with other entrepreneurs, and having faith in himself. While it appears that most of the choices in the above decision table favor entrepreneurship, some are not as important as others in the corporate position. An example is health insurance and almost guaranteed income. So, Dave did not make a decision based solely on quantitative, but rather both quantitative and qualitative decision making criteria. Given all the factors, Dave had to decide which were the most important. Dave’s decision was to open his own business and become an entrepreneur. Please prepare a paper addressing the following questions. While specific answers to each question are not required, these questions are a guide to the elements in your paper. They should all be considered. Was Dave’s decision table a legitimate way to make an entrepreneurial decision? 2: Do you think the factors adequately relate to a decision between being an entrepreneur or accepting the corporate position? 3: What factors do you think should not have been included? Why? 4: What additional factors do you think should have been included? Why? 5: Do you think a decision making table is a valuable tool? If not, why not? 6: What would you have decided if you were Dave given only the information in the decision making table? 7: What are some characteristics possessed by entrepreneurs which were included in this case study?
A Farmer Has 1000 Acre Of Land On Which He Can Grow Corn, Wheat
A farmer has 1000 acre of land on which he can grow corn, wheat and soyabeans. Each acre of corn cost Rs. 100 for preparation, requires 7 man days of work and yields a profit of Rs. 30. An acre of wheat cost Rs. 120 for preparation, requires 10 man days of work and yields a profit of Rs. 40. An acre of soyabeans cost Rs. 70 to prepare, requires 8 man days of work and yields a profit of Rs, 200. If the farmer has Rs. 1, 00,000 for preparation and count on 8000man days of work, how many acres should be allocated to each crop to maximise profit. (Use Simplex Method) Discuss the profitability of different alternatives.
Research, Define, Describe, And Explain The Above-mentioned (Minimum 250 Words Answer For Each Questions)
Research, define, describe, and explain the above-mentioned (Minimum 250 words answer for each questions) What is motivation and why is it important to managers?
There Is A Proposal For The Creation Of A Family Planning Program In
There is a proposal for the creation of a family planning program in your local community. The program will cost $1 million. Identify the facts surrounding unplanned pregnancies and the purpose of family planning. Discuss why your community needs this program. Include information on how your community’s culture and demographics play a role in your decision.
Identify A Company In Your Community And Describe The Human Resources Challenges Facing It.
Identify a company in your community and describe the human resources challenges facing it. Should be more than 200 words
Please Explain The Pshychographic Market Segmentaion According To This Ad Also Give The Examples
please explain the pshychographic market segmentaion according to this ad also give the examples and explain how this ad uses this segmention to attract the consumers………..
What Are The Strengths And Weakness Of Adaptive Leadership And What Particular Challenges Might
What are the strengths and weakness of adaptive leadership and What particular challenges might an adaptive leader encounter in encouraging their followers to solve their own problems and challenges? please provide reference
Quality Of Data Analysis This Discussion Session Will Be Closed At Midnight In August
Quality of Data Analysis This discussion session will be closed at midnight in August 14. Presidential Election Predictions Cast Doubt on Data Analysis By Jason Sparapani, Feature writer of Searchlight News Donald Trump’s surprise presidential election win has media, pollsters soul-searching on the predictive power of data. Of the headlines Wednesday blasting news of U.S. presidential elections the day before, this one was striking: “Man Nostalgic For Simpler Era Of 20 Hours Ago.” One reason: It’s funny; it’s from satirical news outlet The Onion. Another: Implicit in it is the belief – nearly universal until about 60 hours ago – that Republican businessman and reality TV star Donald. J. Trump would not, could not, win. Before the votes came in Tuesday night, presidential election predictions bolstered that belief. The New York Times saw Democrat Hillary Clinton with an 85% chance of winning; The Huffington Post had her prospects at 98%. FiveThirtyEight’s Nate Silver, who holds a special place in the panoply of prognosticators, pegged them at 71%. That left Trump with a nearly 30% chance of winning, said Dr. Erik Brynjolfsson, a professor that the Sloan School of Management at MIT. ”That’s not 0%,” Brynjolfsson wrote in an email. “Things with a 30% chance of happening do happen.” Things with even lower chances of happening happen. After the fourth game of the 2016 World Series, for instance, the Chicago Cubs has a 15% change of winning the title, according to FiveThirtyEight. They pulled it off in Game 7 on Nov. 2, after 108 years. While the results may not classify scientifically as a shocker – as Brynjolfsson says, data scientists work with probabilities, not certainties – they sound a wake-up call for anyone relying on data and for oracle-like predictions about the political or business climate. But how, with sophisticated analytics tools and data modeling at people’s fingertips, could the voter turnout in favor of Trump not have been predicted as a likelier outcome? It was a failure on the part of journalists, those responsible for reporting the state of the presidential race to the American, wrote media columnist Jim Rutenberg in the New York Times. They didn’t accurately reflect the outrage of voters who feel disenfranchised seven years after the end of the Great Recession, just as the British media missed signals preceding the vote in the U.K. to leave the European Union earlier this year. Lots of pollsters took on the blame themselves. The Huffington Post’s senior polling editor, Natalie Jackson, said her unwavering trust in polls led her astray. ”I saw no reason to question that the polls would be accurate overall. So I defended and stood by the numbers – as anyone who trusts their work does,” Jackson wrote. “That’s left me eating some crow.” The data modeling used by the HuffPost relied solely on polls, Jackson wrote. It didn’t account for economic indicators or the fact that rarely has a political party held the presidency for three consecutive terms. Analytics can be extremely powerful, said John Elder, founder of predictive analytics outfit Elder Research, but it can falter in an area like politics, where human emotions and values play big. There are also what he calls “hidden costs”. Here’s how he explained it: Trump voters who felt that the media has a deep-seated bias for liberalism, and thus, the candidate’s Democratic opponent, likely didn’t want to be judged – by them or anyone else. So they didn’t answer. ”If you are a Trump voter, you knew what the media thought of you,” Elder said. “And if you were in a university or in a professional setting, there was a high social cost to identifying as a Trump voter.” Robin Young, host of the National Public Radio program Here and Now, explored whether lying was a factor in the presidential election predictions: Did people give false information about how they voted? She talked to Republican pollster Whit Ayres, president of North Star Research, on WBUR-FM, a Boston NPR station. ”I don’t think that there’s consistent pattern of lying, but I do believe that many of us – and I include myself in this – interpreted the polls at the end as leading to a Clinton victory.” Trump, Ayres said, got the right voters in the right places – the swing states of Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin – giving him a plurality of votes in the Electoral College, which chooses the president and vice president. Clinton won the popular vote. Bryjolfsson said the major lesson is this: Data matters, but data quality matters more. ”Think hard about whether the data you are putting into the model is accurate, complete and without systematic flaws,” he wrote. Better data models could help pick up on hard-to-detect signals in future elections, Elder said. For example, getting more particular information about people – whether they like, say, NASCAR or ballet, or what their hobbies are – to sniff out how they might vote could increase accuracy. But it won’t be easy, especially in an age when the use of landline telephones has declined in favor of mobile phone, and people check the ID of callers before they answer. ”People are on to pollsters,” he said. “When I was growing up, the phone rang – you picked it up. You answered it.” Share your thoughts and opinions.
WHT IARE THE Swot Analysis, Pestel Analysis And Force Field Analysis Of Any Ambulance
wHT IARE THE swot analysis, pestel analysis and force field analysis of any ambulance organization.
TOPIC: MARKETING SERVICES: Supplies And Inventory, Credit Policies, Receivable Accounts And Payable Accounts, Company
TOPIC: MARKETING SERVICES: Supplies and inventory, credit policies, receivable accounts and payable accounts, company logo.
Mischa Is A Sales Employee At A Retail Clothing Store In The Mall. Which
Mischa is a sales employee at a retail clothing store in the mall. Which of the following pay-for-performance incentives has the clearest, most direct line of sight for Mischa? straight fixed hourly wage profit sharing hourly wage plus commission (percentage based on Mischa’s total sales) annual company picnic and carnival for all staff, family, and friends Brielle is the manager at a call center. Unfortunately, many of her employees lack motivation and tend to put forth minimal effort. These individuals often try to push their own work off on the more engaged and committed employees. If Brielle was to implement a new incentive program in her department, which plan would most likely create even more incentive for lazy employees to engage in social loafing and free riding? A gain-sharing incentive plan. Spot bonuses for individuals when they demonstrate exceptional customer service in response to a challenging customer concern. A form of differential piece-rate system which rewards employees based on number of calls and customer issues addressed per hour. “Employee of the month” programs to recognize top performers Although incentive plans are typically associated with extrinsic rewards, some research shows that intrinsic factors such as __________________________ can be incredibly powerful motivational tools. the meaningfulness of the work employee stock options team gainsharing plans the medical insurance, life insurance, and retirement benefits Corey, the owner of Corey’s Coffee Shop, noticed that a lot of coffee was being wasted because employees were making too much of the less popular flavors and were making too much coffee during slow times (which then had to be thrown away to make fresh coffee). To motivate employees to prevent such wastage, Corey said he would put all of the money saved on coffee bean expenditures into a pool and split it among the employees at the end of each month. Corey’s plan is an example of Gainsharing profit-sharing straight commission plans pooled tips Team-based rewards like gainsharing tend to be more popular and effective in collectivist cultures like Japan and Korea collectivist cultures like the U.S. and Germany individualistic cultures like China and Taiwan individualistic cultures like Australia and the United Kingdom
1. Tolerances For A New Part Require Weights Between 249.4 And 264.9 Pounds. The
1. Tolerances for a new part require weights between 249.4 and 264.9 pounds. The part is made using a process that has a mean of 256.3 pounds with a standard deviation of 3.0 pounds. The process population is normally distributed. If the process can be adjusted so that it is centered, what will be the sigma capability for the adjusted process? (use four decimal places) 2. Tolerances for a new part require weights between 247.6 and 261.9 pounds. The part is made using a process that has a mean of 257.3 pounds with a standard deviation of 4.0 pounds. The process population is normally distributed. What is the sigma capability for this process? (use four decimal places) 3. Tolerances for a new part require weights between 248.8 and 266.8 pounds. The part is made using a process that has a mean of 257.5 pounds with a standard deviation of 2.0 pounds. The process population is normally distributed. What is the Cpk for this process? (use four decimal places) 4. Specification for the length of a bolt is 16.322 centimeters /- 0.256 centimeters. The part is fabricated using a normally distributed process with a mean of 16.238 centimeters and a population standard deviation of 0.047. What is the Cpk for this process? 5. Specification for the length of a bolt is 16.216 centimeters /- 0.110 centimeters. The part is fabricated using a normally distributed process with a mean of 16.253 centimeters and a population standard deviation of 0.032. What is the sigma capability for this process?
A U.S. Garment Factory Implemented A Piece-rate Incentive Plan For Production Employees Sewing Clothes.
A U.S. garment factory implemented a piece-rate incentive plan for production employees sewing clothes. Under the new incentive plan, dress-makers were to earn $4 for each dress completed to standards. Unfortunately, the incentive plan was a failure. It was very difficult for workers to complete 2 dresses per hour, and even if they did work very hard to complete 2 dresses, they were only earning the minimum wage of $8.00 per hour. The company ended up having to pay all the workers the state minimum hourly wage of $8.00 because under the piece-rate plan, workers would have been earning less than the minimum wage. Which of the following procedures or tools could have helped the company prevent the problems they experienced with their piece-rate incentive plan? a straight sales commission plan a time and motion study creating a company policy exempting the minimum wage develop an employee recognition program Managers at Come2Work! Inc. struggle with very high absenteeism rates in their workforce. Last year, they estimated that absenteeism cost the company approximately $40,000. To combat excessive and unnecessary absenteeism, Come2Work! Inc. started an incentive program to reward employees for good attendance. The incentives paid out totaled $20,000 and the savings in reduced absenteeism was $25,000. What is the return on investment (ROI) for this program? -$5,000 (net loss of $5,000) 25% $15,000 50% Santiago owns a large local car dealership. He employs mechanics and service workers and a large staff of salespeople. Lately, Santiago has received negative feedback and even several complaints from customers saying that his salespeople are too pushy and aggressive. Customers report that they do not feel comfortable coming to Santiago’s dealership because they dislike the intense pressure put on them to purchase a car, or to make upgrades on a car purchase which they cannot afford. Which of the following incentive plan changes should Santiago make if he wants to reduce the ultra-aggressive sales approach being used by his employees? Continue with the current compensation system but tell employees about the complaints so they are aware of the problem. Move to an entirely commission-based pay system. Create an incentive system rewarding sales staff based on customer satisfaction scores and reduce the proportion of compensation based on commissions. Create a differential piece-rate incentive program. One advantage of sales commissions as a pay-for-performance incentive is that they tend to be very ________________ relative to other incentives like “employee of the month” programs and are thus typically perceived by employees as more fair. Subjective Intangible Intrinsic Objective Because of __________________ in Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank, the former CEO of Crooked Credit Inc., Mr. Wiley Weezel was required to return more than $3 million in incentive-based pay he had received while fraudulently reporting earnings during his time as CEO. Golden Parachute Clauses Prerequisites (perks) Clawback Provisions Reporting Loopholes
The Grocery Store, Wow Munchies, Is Considering Developing An Online Site For Customers To
The grocery store, Wow Munchies, is considering developing an online site for customers to purchase food. The owner of the store believes that this capability will enable the store to grab market share from nearby Fast Food Co., which has a Web site and delivers food to the customer. This site will allow customers to purchase any item that is currently in stock in the store. The store will not deliver the food, but will have the food bagged and ready for pickup at the time designated by the customer. Wow Munchies has a single storefront. 1. Conduct an operational feasibility study. Do you think the Web site will enable Wow Munchies to gain market share, as is its purpose? What factors will affect the operational success of this site? Submit your paper, supporting documents, charts, and any interviews you conducted. 2. Conduct a technical feasibility study. What would you recommend the company use in the creation and maintenance of their site (e.g. languages, specific host, encryption)? Why does your choice affect the feasibility of said site? Submit your paper, supporting documents, charts, and any other information you used. 3. Conduct an economic feasibility study for the investment into an e-commerce site. What discount rate are you using? Why? Submit your paper, supporting documents, charts etc. 4. Develop a timeline and schedule feasibility study for completion of this Web site. Do you see any mitigating factors that might cause a delay in the timeline or deadline overrun? Submit a short write-up and a Gantt chart.
How Do You Think Individuals’ Preconceived Notions, Prejudices, And Their Own Interpretations Of Other
How do you think individuals’ preconceived notions, prejudices, and their own interpretations of other cultures impact the workplace? How might you employ the psychodynamic approach to help the employees get along with each other and work better together? do no use previous answer
Function Of Management: Planning What Type Of Planning Activities Will You Need To Use
Function of Management: Planning What type of planning activities will you need to use as a manager? What planning process would you use as a manager?
Ben A. Fit, Owner Of Ben’s Fitness, And His Employees Receive Tax Advantages On
Ben A. Fit, owner of Ben’s Fitness, and his employees receive tax advantages on all EXCEPT which of the following benefits offered by Ben? retirement paid time off paid health insurance premiums free access to the employee’s wellness program including free gym membership at Ben’s Fitness ________________ workers tend to receive more generous benefits compared to other workers. Public-sector Private-sector Non-unionized Part-time As Director of HR for a social media marketing company, Orlando was concerned that providing a flexible benefits plan to employees could result in _____________________________. Discrimination against employees with same-sex spouses Increased paid time off costs Reduced employee satisfaction and retention Adverse selection Joe and Joanne own JoJo’s Jet-Fast Oil-Change and Auto Service. When budgeting for next year’s benefit expenses, Joe and Joanne estimate that their unemployment and workers’ compensation costs will increase because of a high number of claims during the past year. Which of the following terms refers to this type of cost system for insurance like workers’ compensation? Mandatory Experience-rated Defined benefit Cost-benefit adjusted Ruby is a retired public school teacher who receives a fixed retirement amount which is based on her age at retirement, years of service, and maximum earnings. Ruby’s retirement plan can best be described as _________________________. A defined benefit plan A defined contribution plan A 401K An IRA (or a Roth IRA)
2. Spend Analytics And Category Strategy Development A. What Role Spend Analytics Plays For
2. Spend analytics and category strategy development a. What role spend analytics plays for harnessing corporate spend? b. What role spend analytics plays in identifying souring risk? c. What is the connection between savings and risk management? d. What is the connection between spend analytics and category strategy?
Under Federal Law, Both Employers And Employees Are Required To Contribute Equal Amounts To
Under federal law, both employers and employees are required to contribute equal amounts to which of the following benefits? health insurance social security workers’ compensation unemployment Like most “average” Americans, Maria has _____________________ funds for retiring at her same standard of living she was accustomed to while working full-time. Inadequate Adequate Much greater than necessary Increasing Goin’Bust Inc. has fallen on hard times and desperately needs to cut compensation and benefits costs if it is to survive. Which of the following cost-cutting ideas can Goin’Bust implement and still comply with all benefits legislation? Eliminate workers’ compensation benefits Require employees to pay for an increasing amount of the workers’ comp premiums Opt out of social security and Medicare contributions Increase employee health insurance premium amounts and amount of copays and deductibles It is Laura’s first week working in the HR Department for her new employer. As one of her first tasks, Laura’s boss assigns Laura to review all aspects of the company’s pension plan to ensure everything is legally compliant. Before reviewing the company’s plan, Laura goes online to refresh her memory on the details of ______________________________. COBRA ERISA FMLA HIPPA Under the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) eligible employees are able to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid job-protected leave for all of the following reasons EXCEPT __________________________. Birth of one’s own child Adoption of a child To take care of one’s cousin who is ill with a stomach virus To receive treatment and recovery time for one’s own serious illness
Can You Please Show Question #4 In Excel Along With The Formulas Used; Thank
Can you please show question #4 in excel along with the formulas used; thank you so much!!
Consider Global Applications Of Lingua Franca. What Is The Biggest Obstacle For Mandarin Becoming
Consider global applications of lingua franca. What is the biggest obstacle for Mandarin becoming a global lingua franca? Are there other considerations? What does fluency have to do with the success of a lingua franca?
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