Hepatic encephalopathy is a clinical syndrome seen in patients with chronic liver disease; its presentation may

range from mild personality changes, to psychosis, to coma. The primary chemical mediators of hepatic encephalopathy include all of the following except:

A.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

B.

Ammonia

C.

False neurotransmitters

D.

Serotonin

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