PowerPoint Assignment 10.1: Applied Research Project: Mock Research Design Visual Presentation
POWERPOINT INSTRUCTIONS ATTACHED.
RESEARCH PROJECT “LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN CORPORATIONS”
ATTACHED ARE THE INITIAL RESEARCH ESSAYS
00 Module 10 Assignment 10.1: Applied Research Project: Mock Research Design Visual Presentation
“LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN CORPORATIONS”
Instructions
1. Summarize your applied research project into a concise visual presentation.
2. Use only 6 slides according to the following outline.
3. Title and Abstract (100 word max)
4. Chapter 1: Introduction, to include background, conceptual framework, problem statement, research approach/purpose/significance, research questions
5. Chapter 2: Literature Review, which could be highlights of your annotated bibliographies
6. Chapter 3: Methods, to include validity and reliability
7. Chapter 4: Data Collection and Findings
8. Chapter 5: Conclusions to include limitations and recommendations for future research.
Module 6 Assignment 6.1:
Applied Research Project:
Research Design Proposal Part 1
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Applied Research Project
Introduction
Mother nature in a bid to maintain ecological balance waits for no one to prepare when it comes to disasters and their management. Damage resulting from natural disasters can be detrimental or minimal, depending on the severity of the event. In the United States, the problem of natural disasters is not a new phenomenon. Disasters such as the great Galveston storm, San Francisco earthquake of 1906, Hurricane Maria, and Hurricane Catrina, among others are some of the significant calamities instigated by mother nature. The extent of destruction from these disasters involve both property and human lives (Lindsay, 2017). Some of the catastrophes are predictable, while others happen without warning. Despite substantial investment in technology to detect and predict natural disasters, unpredictability exists. So, when a natural disaster occurs, who shoulders the damage? The county, the state, or the city? Or all of them? In the U.S., the president approves financial aid for disaster through disaster declaration provision (Heersink Peterson, & Jenkins, 2017). The local government also intervenes in rescue and reconstruction efforts. However, the absence of legal definitions and processes in the declaration of disaster process opens doors for political motivations. Before 1950, states handled disaster by themselves before the introduction of special legislation providing for a disaster declaration.
Conceptual Framework
The study aim is to review and examine political influences into presidential disaster declarations. The best way to investigate is to engage in an extensive literature review, examining disaster policies with interest in disaster declarations by the president. The analysis of literature will examine policy history, including pre-presidential announcements, and how the U.S. government dealt with disasters occurring before the 1950 Act. The review of literature also explores the disaster relief Act of 1950 and how it influenced the management of disaster and sanitized the delivery of disaster aid. Subsequent Acts such as the 1974 and 1988 contribution to the declaration of disaster are also essential to consider.
According to the disaster policies, the presidential disaster declaration refers to an announcement by the president declaring the occurrence of a disaster. The history of disasters and how the president invoked a disaster declaration also features in the study to provide a comprehensive understanding of the utilization of the policies.
The unit analysis of the research at hand is disasters. As classified in the SHELDUS database, an event qualifies to be a disaster if it causes $500,00 worth in damage. The study will apply exploratory research design and use the information to answer the study’s questions. The researcher will examine data available in U.S. government database as well as other educational databases. Other resources utilized in gathering data include the American Presidency Project, SHELDUS, FEMA disaster database, and U.S. election atlas.
The presidential disaster declaration is the only study’s dependent variable. The research has three independent variables, namely, presidential re-election year, a swing state, and political alignments. The researcher then performs analysis on the effect of political influences on presidential disaster declarations. The researcher will be interested in disasters that occurred in the last 20 years from 20 states. The hazards will comprise of those that received presidential statements and those that did not. The researcher will use code 0 and 1 to denote declaration status. The code will also go into use when indicating what each independent variable examined.
Research problem
The purpose of the study is to investigate and examine the political influences on presidential disaster declaration. In 1988, ratifications to the presidential disaster declaration provision saw centralization of authority to declare a disaster. Known as the Robert Stafford Act of 1988, the powers vested to the president poses the question of whether a declaration of disasters may face the influence of political incentives (Lindsay & McCarthy, 2015). What motivates the president to declare an event a natural disaster? Reporting disaster due to actual need or when damage in less than a reasonable threshold is a critical consideration to understand the underlying motivations. More important is the question “why some states receive more financial aid than others regardless of the occurrence of disasters?”
Purpose/Significance of the Study
As mentioned in the research problem, the purpose of the study is to investigate if the presidential disaster declaration faces political influences. How are disaster declarations in the U.S., or are there bias in declarations? The study poses the question whether there are political motivations and influences disaster declarations in the U.S. The issue arises from the hypothesis that politically motivated disaster declarations are problematic because they fail to capture national interests and partisan-focused (Kriner & Reeves, 2015). Political motivations to disaster declaration and management compromise the essence of disaster funds and hinder the realization of genuine disaster efforts. The study is essential because presidential disaster declarations give way to release of federal monies.
Research questions
1. What are the motivations behind presidential disaster declarations?
2. What are the considerations made in assigning value to disaster declaration?
3. Is there bias in presidential disaster declarations?
4. Is the allocation of resources and financial aid across states politically motivated?
5. What are the challenges to enforcing fair and equitable distribution of disaster declaration across states?
References
Heersink B., Peterson, B.D., & Jenkins, J.A. (2017) Disasters and Elections: Estimating the Net Effect of Damage and Relief in Historical Perspective. Political Analysis, 25(02). 260- 268.
Kriner, D. L., & Reeves, A. (2015). Presidential Particularism in Disaster Declarations and Military Base Closures. Presidential Studies Quarterly,45(4), 679-702.
Lindsay, B. R., & McCarthy, F. X. (2015). Stafford Act declarations, 1953-2014: Trends and analyses, and implications for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
Lindsay, B.R. (2017) Major Disaster Definition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. 16-21.
Running head: EDUCATION 1
EDUCATION 6
Module 9, Assignment 9.1:
Applied Research Project:
Applied Research Project:
Mock Research Design
Chapters 3, 4, and 5
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Chapter 3:
Research Methodology
The research was conducted mainly using a qualitative research design. The choice of the qualitative research design was informed by its ability to provide detailed and in-depth information, that is already analyzed. Identified materials for reference during the study in qualitative research design can be analyzed at more essential details. The comprehensive analysis made possible through qualitative research design helps researchers to get deeper insights during the examination of the details. The low cost of researching the qualitative method also informed the choice of the plan. In a qualitative research design, one does not incur the traveling expenses to the convenience of the respondents (Lune & Berg, 2016). Several platforms can provide information form use during qualitative research. The data gathered using this strategy has a predictive ability. That is, the researcher can observe the trend or the behavior of the phenomena under study and make a prediction into the future. Data gathered through qualitative research design is more reliable because the researchers can compare the data from different sources and eliminate biases likely to be conducted in the first study.
Search Strategy
Systematic analysis of popular literature for use in the study was employed to realize the study objectives. An inclusion and exclusion criteria were devised, detailing the qualities of the articles that qualified for use in the study, and those that failed the standard. In the inclusion criterion, only sources containing information related to the topic of the study were selected. The reference materials used in the research were purely academic sources, with emphasis on the peer-reviewed articles (Reio, 2016). Items not older than five years were selected as credible for the study. The journals had to complete articles; thus, articles with abstract only were excluded for use. All materials used were published in English only. Items that did not meet the defined criteria were disregarded.
Data Sources
The research is qualitative, and therefore, only secondary sources were used in this study. The secondary sources included journals, newspapers; peer-reviewed articles, and periodicals. Online sources, such as official websites formed part of the data sources.
Content Analysis
According to the nature of the study, thematic analysis was used to ascertain that the only credible sources were used. The process of thematic analysis is also based on the search criteria identified previously. Thematic analysis is a reliable strategy in data analysis in qualitative research because it relates the topics and objectives to the content present in the secondary sources. Thematic analysis is also useful in analyzing a large volume of textual information. In the thematic analysis, various methods can be used to scrutinize the selected sources. For example, a summative analysis begins by reviewing the content versus the main themes or topics within the study.
Data Analysis
Data analysis started with a review of the identified articles from the search strategy developed earlier. Based on thematic analysis, critical topics from the sources that aligned with the problem under study were first established. During this process too, essential points are recorded for later more in-depth analysis. Critical at this stage is the interpretation and analysis of statistical information because statistical data helps in making reliable predictions into the future. Conventions and particular codes identified in these texts are also recorded for reference in theorizing the problem under study.
Ethical Considerations
Ethics in research are critical, especially in topics where the respondents are human beings. Ethics help the researcher to remain within the professional guidelines. In this research, critical ethical consideration was on copyrights. The study avoided the use of materials whose authors had not yet approved for use. In cases where the required documents were found in libraries, written requests were sent to the attendants, and visits were made only on confirmation from the library management. Consent from different authorizing bodies was sought through written formal letters. The analysis of the composed of the printed sources was free of bias, and therefore, the information in the finding is reliable and credible. In the presentation of the collected data, data from the identified sources were paraphrased, and not copied, as this would contravene the copyrights rules.
Chapter 4:
Findings
From the search strategy and content analysis carried out earlier, critical themes and findings were established. First, 58 sources containing the relevant information on ‘Learning and Development in Corporations’ did not meet the selection criteria. From the eight sources screened for use, and thematically analyzed, common theme included the spare time for learning and exposure programs. These class of working population in different states lacked time not only to attend schools but also to concentrate on academic work. Most of the working category, people were family men and women or already engaged in emotional affairs that consumed their time. Family responsibilities and work pressures were identified as the main challenge that employees could not participate in further learning.
The analysis also identified that about 43% of the working population wished to advance their training, but lacked the opportunity. Upward mobility within corporations was, therefore, minimal for these members since they lacked the prerequisite qualifications. The group uninterested in further learning, identified that schooling was not offering an immediate reward. Others also said that education was not necessary for one to achieve success in life. Attitudes surrounding gender attitudes in society also influenced the attitudes in society influenced learning and development among the working class in corporate institutions. Most women in the working category had already achieved their ends and were not interested in furthering their education. From the 20% of the working population uninterested in furthering their education, women made up 78%. The cost of education affected the attitude of the working population towards education. Negative attitudes towards learning from corporate workers are based on the high fees in the institutions of further education. From the study, the population appears to apply the cost-benefit analysis in the decision about taking learning. The sources identified that about 61% of those who approved higher education sought to attain job promotions and increase earnings from their work. Inductions courses and hands-on-training offered by the corporate institutions were approved as beneficial by 84% of the population in corporate institutions.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendation
From the findings, most people are interested in furthering their education level as a means to growth and development within the corporate institutions. The results from the research findings identified that gender-based attitudes are informing the decision of the working-class regarding learning. The beliefs and reasons given by the working population can be used for policy development to allow access to learning for the employed population (Vnoučková, 2016). The attitudes that furthering in education does add to the overall improvement in academic performance can be dispelled through professional and motivational speakers. The speakers would encourage the workers to seek knowledge for different benefits. The study recommends that there is a need for more research on the subject. Corporate institutions should also provide in-service training to their employees to improve their products and promotional chances.
References
Lune, H., & Berg, B. L. (2016). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson Higher Ed.
Reio Jr, T. G. (2016). Nonexperimental Research: Strengths, weaknesses, and issues of precision. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(8/9), 676-690.
Vnoučková, L. (2016). Personality attitudes affecting employee learning and development: prerequisites of behavior leading to learning and development. Quality Innovation Prosperity, 20(2), 22-38.
Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 1
APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 5
Applied Research Project: Research Questions
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Introduction
Learning and development in cooperates aim to ensure that employees acquire upgraded knowledge and skills in their areas of operation. The corporate sector is very dynamic. The rapid innovation by corporate to provide their consumers with quality products and services makes it the most growing industry in the globe (Hanaysha, 2016). The evolving nature of the corporate world means that corporations must go through new burning issues on their daily operations. This necessitates them to train their employees for them to gain further expertise to deal with the daily challenges effectively. While each employee has a unique weakness, corporate learning and development help them to acquire new skills to use those weaknesses for the benefit of the corporations. The problem we are going to investigate in this paper is the corporate development success.
World Views
The four world views presented by Creswell include post-positivism, constructivism, transformative, and pragmatism (Chih-Pei & Chang, 2017). Post-positivist worldview challenges the traditional assumptions of research and recognizes that we cannot be positive about our knowledge when studying human’s behaviors and actions. The constructivism worldview is generally considered to be a fundamental approach to qualitative research (Chih-Pei & Chang, 2017). This worldview assumes that people seek to have a better understanding of the world they live in. Individuals use their experiences to gain an understanding of the world. This research leads to numerous meanings directed towards certain things and objects which results in the researcher to consider diverse views.
The transformative worldview assumes that research should be linked to politics to counter social oppression in society. Pragmatism, on the other hand, arises from situations, actions, and consequences of those actions rather than conditions. In this worldview, researchers are more focused o understanding the problem. Corporate development success is closely related to the constructivism worldview (Creswell, & Poth, 2017). This is because employee training and development aims to help them understand the trends in their organization and industry. In general, learning and development allow employees to have a better understanding of what happens around them. Once they understand what is happening around them, then they can perform their tasks effectively.
Research Questions
1. What is the intention of learning?
2. What are the factors affecting the intention of learning?
3. What is the importance of employee learning and development?
4. What motivates employees to take part in learning and development?
5. What are the characteristics of an ideal learner?
One of the most critical factors of the intention of learning is to commit the employees to that particular activity. Someone who intends to take part in the learning and development program will end up being successful. Several factors affect the intention of learning. These factors can be categorized into three levels, namely, personal level, activity level, and the contextual level (Bell et al., 2017).
Learning and development allow employees to learn new skills and reduce the effects of their weaknesses. Low qualified employees feel vulnerable in the job market, and it’s this vulnerability that motivates them to participate in learning programs. Learning helps them to acquire more knowledge and skills in their field hence reducing their vulnerability (Schwartz, 2019). Ideal learners have specific characteristics. Young people are more likely to be motivated in learning. Low qualified on the other have more intentions to learn than their male counterparts.
References
Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Ford, J. K., Noe, R. A., & Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development research: What we know and where we should go. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 305.
Chih-Pei, H. U., & Chang, Y. Y. (2017). John W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 205-207.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Hanaysha, J. (2016). Examining the effects of employee empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on organizational commitment. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 229, 298-306.
Schwartz, G. J. (2019). An Examination of Key Factors That Influence Employee Learning in the Workplace. The Wiley Handbook of Global Workplace Learning, 477-500.
1
Running Head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Module 4 Assignment 4.2
Annotated Bibliography
Learning and Development in Corporations
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Dodson, M. N., Kitburi, K., & Berge, Z. L. (2015). Possibilities for MOOCs in corporate training and development. Performance Improvement, 54(10), 14-21.
The article discusses the possibilities of having MOOC in the corporate world. The chances are very eminent, and they cannot be overrated at all. MOOC is an acronym for a massive open online course. The report offers a discussion on how MOOCs gained popularity, especially with the working class. Then who was considered it a good option because of how it impacted on their personal development. The MOOC was considered the best and most reliable option for people who are looking to add up to their skills while at the same time working. The article also engages in the opportunities that the MOOCs offer to the organizations. Although the approach is considered a disrupter to the higher learning process, it has various advantages for the corporations. Top among these benefits is that it allows the provider to tailor their services to meet the expectations of clients who are employees in the organizations. The essential thing in any corporation is to work towards ensuring the customers benefit from their services. The MOOCs are not only beneficial to the employees but also the organizations. This is because they can offer a platform for training to conduct as a requirement for the organization.
Additionally, the article provides information about how MOOCs can provide new marketing channels for the organization. The material is an essential source in the discussion of how learning and development can be incorporated into the organization. It is a useful source in the study that provides an understanding of how the event can be undertaken in corporations. Besides, it ensures there is a complete comprehension of the improvement necessary in the corporations.
Wang, M., Ran, W., Liao, J., & Yang, S. J. (2010). A Performance-Oriented Approach to E-Learning Learning in the Workplace. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 167-179.
The article analyzes the various ways in which e-learning platforms, especially applications, fail to meet the needs of the learners and ultimately fail to serve the organizations quest for success. The opportunities available in the e-learning are very robust, and they tend to be effective in fostering a conducive learning environment. The article provides an approach that can be considered by organizations in a bid to implement new ways and programs that help to complement the existing e-learning systems. The report offers a solution to the current problem by analyzing the needs of the organizations and their employees and developing strategies to deal with the same (Wang, Ran, Liao, & Yang, 2010). The article provides an understanding that e-learning in the organizational context should offer an opportunity for individual development, learning needs, connect learning, and social interaction. The chances are given to improve the skills that are relevant in modern contemporary society.
The process should also provide an opportunity for individuals to improve their work performance. Performance index plays an essential role in improving the output of the organization if utilized effectively by the person. To be able to achieve a reliable online platform, the article offers a more performance-oriented approach. The performance indicators are used to clarify organizational goals, make sense of work context, and requests on work performance. The article suggests that the learning process should be improved to enhance development at an organizational point and an individual perspective. The piece engages the discussion of how successful a simple system can work in a corporate setting. Corporate governance is an essential aspect that is plausible tenable for the success of the business. The article provides an engaging e-learning system as the best option for improving the various shortcomings of the organization development process. The material is reliable for the discussion of learning and development in corporations.
Evans, P., Smale, A., Björkman, I., & Pucik, V. (2016). Leadership development challenges and dilemmas in multinational corporations. In Leadership in Organizations (pp. 227- 245). Routledge.
The article focuses on leadership development in the corporation’s perspective and how different organizations incorporate programs to improve the performance of their employees. A well-established corporation must be led by capable leaders who want the organization to achieve the best of the entity. The chapter identifies the various skill requirements that are required by organizations to associate with the leadership transition. The discussion is because of how learning and development of leadership skills affect the change. The author argues that leadership involves a set of skills that vary from one person to another. Although in specific individuals, it might occur naturally, for others, it is essential to learn the skills or continuously develop existing ones. Therefore, the learning of skills can occur inside the organization or beyond with the most impactful occurring inside the organization.
Thus, the individuals need to develop the ability through learning programs that reduce the challenges involved in the leadership transition. Leaders are supposed to be decision-makers who can lead the organization through an elaborative structure that is effective in making the company to achieve its objective. Leadership skills vary from one management position to the other. Therefore, continuous learning can help in developing competencies at each stage. Some international organizations and corporations have included the leadership development of their workforce as a performance criterion to make managers more accountable. This planning widely practiced in developed countries where organizations have established transparent systems that help in running the organization. The source is reliable in understanding the discussion of learning and development in corporations.
Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., Mukherjee, D., & Kedia, B. L. (2015). Cross-Border Learning, Technological Turbulence, and Firm Performance. MIR: Management International Review, 23-51.
The article introduces a perspective of learning that is developed from international business affiliates. The report provides an understanding of the relationship between effectiveness and efficiency achieved from cross-border knowledge. The article argues that this perspective has a direct impact on the performance of the organization. The report provides arguments that may offer solutions to the firm’s need for positive performance. The report also points out that the results associated with positive learning promote the development of the organization (Pérez-Nordtvedt, Mukherjee, & Kedia, 2015). Therefore, learning in an organization should consider the growth of the individual’s efficiency and effectiveness. Education can also include the integration of technology in the organization that offers an opportunity for learning to the employees. The effectiveness of learning becomes a focus on the development of the organization and the activities it is involved in conducting. Therefore, the article is a reliable source in offering an understanding of how development impacts on learning in the corporations. It provides information on how the two are related and how they impact the organization
McDonald, R. (2015). Leveraging Change by Learning to Work with the Wisdom in the Room: Educating for Responsibility as a Collaborative Learning Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 511-518 .
The article is essential in the discussion of learning and how it impacts on organizational development. The article discusses how the teaching of different characters required by the organization. The organization engages a debate where the characteristics of the individuals solely depend on the learning and personal development that takes place. The article offers in the majority of teaching takes place in the organization. This approach is necessary and useful when elaborating the objective of an entity. This occurs because of ethics, and social responsibility does a rather poor job in the performance (McDonald, 2015). The deliverables, as mentioned above, ought to be considered to ensure the performance within any organization is excellent. The organization embraces the change because of the development that occurs in the organization. The burden of learning helps in the individual progress and how it impacts on the organization. The perspectives to consider is how knowledge can influence the event of an organization. The organization can, therefore, affect the learning of new skills that would impact on the ethics and the responsibility of the individuals. The article is consequently reliable in understanding the teaching and how it effects on the development of the corporation. The approaches utilized in education do affect the output of the corporation, especially when making specific leadership decision. The article can be used to demonstrate benefits and challenges attributed to this aspect of learning concerning the development of ideas and the entity at large.
.
References
Dodson, M. N., Kitburi, K., & Berge, Z. L. (2015). Possibilities for MOOCs in corporate training and development. Performance Improvement, 54(10), 14-21.
Evans, P., Smale, A., Björkman, I., & Pucik, V. (2016). Leadership development challenges and dilemmas in multinational corporations. In Leadership in Organizations (pp. 227-245). Routledge.
McDonald, R. (2015). Leveraging Change by Learning to Work with the Wisdom in the Room: Educating for Responsibility as a Collaborative Learning Model. Journal of Business Ethics, 511-518.
Pérez-Nordtvedt, L., Mukherjee, D., & Kedia, B. L. (2015). Cross-Border Learning, Technological Turbulence, and Firm Performance. MIR: Management International Review, 23-51.
Wang, M., Ran, W., Liao, J., & Yang, S. J. (2010). A Performance-Oriented Approach to E- Learning in the Workplace. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 167-179.
Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 1
APPLIED RESEARCH PAPER 2
Module 8 Assignment 8.1
Applied Research Project:
Interview Questions Qualitative Method
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Applied Research Project: Interview Questions Qualitative Method
Data collection is the drive of many institutions, including corporations. Although people collect information for different purposes, data collection has the potential of influencing the making of informed decisions and provide answers to the most challenging questions and unexplainable phenomenon. Data can be collected using either qualitative or quantitative methodologies. Under the method of qualitative data collection, there are additional methods used in gathering information. In the case of the Learning and Development in Corporations paper, the best plan that would achieve satisfactory results would be the case study.
The case study method was best used in the project because it would aid in understanding the questions of why and how learning and development can be affected in the corporations. Learning and development are subsequent of the HR department that aims at boosting the corporation’s productivity by improving the performances of the employees on both personal and group levels. The department is also responsible for honing the skills of the employees and impacting them with additional knowledge. Case studies are used mostly in examining real-life situations since they incorporate a lot of details (Baxter & Jack, 2008). In reviewing the real-life situations, case studies aim at utilizing the findings in solving the problem in question. In this case, the issue would involve how and why learning and development should be included in corporations.
Additionally, using that case study method would be ideal because it uses several different research methods. The principal techniques for collecting data in qualitative research include the use of individual or personal interviews, focusing on the groups, evaluating archived material, and making observations. In the case of the project, making use of the case study method may aid in the generation of new ideas. While speaking to or making observations, the researcher is in a position to generate ideas considering a case study involves the presence of several people who think differently and have different opinions. Case studies may also provide the researcher with facts considering the information is collected on the contemporary time.
In comparison to other alternative methods, the case study methodology is less expensive, and thus, it is cost-saving. Since the methods that can be used in the learning and development setting may include interviews, conducting processes like these may cost close to nothing. More often than not, the employees will offer a free interview session. Case studies do not have to be conducted in person either. The researches of Learning development are not mandated to appear physical. Technology has come to our aid, and the researchers can make use of applications like skype to offer open-ended questions to the employees while at places like conference centers. Also, the problems can be posted through the mail or in groups like those of the WhatsApp application.
Incorporating the method of case study in the project of Learning and Development in Corporations can be done by offering unstructured interviews. Unstructured interviews include the use of open-ended questions. When an interviewee is asked an open question, he/she is allowed to respond with some in-depth information. Also, open-ended questions allow the interviewee to choose their own words that are free from influence. Since the case includes learning and development, the researcher can pose questions that may touch the needs of the employees in regards to education (Yin, 2017). Through the open-ended questions asked to the employees in the Corporations, researchers may derive an understanding of the employee’s needs and help, through the employee’s responses, calculate additional methods that can boost the learning and development process. Another way of incorporating the case study in the learning and development case is making use of experimental tasks. By providing the employees with the memory test, it is easy to come to conclusions of the how. According to Schasfma (2015), testing memory potentially affects the behaviors of an individual. The human mind is triggered into remembering when a question is posed since case studies can also aid in positively impacting the employees.
Although making use of the case study as a desirable methodology towards enacting positive learning outcomes in corporations, there are limitations to using the study in the project. For starters, the accuracy of the data may not be accurate because of the possible existence of bias that may unconsciously happen. The research may also take a long time to analyze. Since collecting accurate information is crucial, researchers may often find themselves ensuring accuracy by continually verifying the provided information. Corporations harbor different types of characters. A researcher can come across difficult and unwilling people who may be adamant in participating.
Data analysis is an essential process that can influence. Thus, the importance of collecting accurate data cannot be emphasized enough. Data is meant to be accurate or as close as possible to the truth, dependable, and reliable. Despite the provisions of the accuracy of data, sometimes the data collected may be compromised by the methodology put to use. However, many researchers strive to provide consumers with the most accurate data.
References
Baxter, P. & Jack, S. Qualitative Case Study Methodology: Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report Volume 13
Schaafsma, S. M., Pfaff, D. W., Spunt, R. P., & Adolphs, R. (2015). Deconstructing and reconstructing the theory of mind. Trends in cognitive sciences, 19(2), 65-72.
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage publications.
Running head: APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 1
APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT 6
Module 7 Assignment 7.1
Applied Research Project
Survey Design Quantitative Methods
Karen Crump
National Louis University
Dr. Cherie Meador
Introduction
By evaluating the development and learning programs, employers can ensure their development and learning initiatives can be put in line with their overall development and learning strategies and business objectives (Harlow, Burkholder and Morrow, 2002). An efficient evaluation process for learning or development in organizations needs the firm to understand their learning needs, whether or not these align with the established strategy of growth and learning as well as how the program supports the entire plan. There are various quantitative techniques which employers can use to evaluate learning and development in corporations. These include testimonials to quantitative research approaches, development metrics testimonies, and post-training questionnaires. Education contributes to strategic values that are aligned with the objectives of a business, thus evaluating the process is a crucial activity in corporations (Harlow, Burkholder and Morrow, 2002). This work will analyze a quantitative survey design that can be used to collect and analyze data in a corporation’s learning and development (L&D) program. The validity and reliability of the model will also be provided.
Quantitative Survey techniques
An example of a quantitative research technique that can be used in corporations to evaluate L&D programs is the survey research method. This approach involves a process where the researcher poses some set of predetermined questions a sample of individuals and an entire group of persons. This research method is particularly useful in cases where a researcher is interested in explaining or describing features of groups or a considerable group. This method may also be employed as a way of obtaining general information on a particular population of interest which in turn helps one prepare for in-depth and more focused research that makes use of highly time-intensive methods including interviews and field research. In such a scenario, a survey is central in a researcher bid to identify specific locations and specific individuals from which additional data can be obtained or collected (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Just like other methods of data collection, survey research is better suited and positioned to provide answers to some kinds of research questions in comparison to other research methods (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
The Design of Quantitative Survey Method: Questionnaires
Quantitative survey design like Post-training questionnaire is aimed at understanding and discovering the thoughts of people, their action, and their feelings concerning a specific work. The polls are supplied to a large sample of people which major on the number of replies as opposed to acquiring an understanding of emotional details that is the primary goal of qualitative studies. The standard format for quantitative research surveys is for different respondents to be queried similar probes which ensure objective analysis of data (Dörnyei, 2007). Data is typically provided in a numerical presentation which allows for examination in a computable technique through various statistical approaches. The surveys can be tailored to veer off in cases where respondents answer in specific ways, which subsequently means they can be asked different questions.
Before designing a quantitative survey or questionnaires, the researcher must decide the nature of the study; that is whether it will be experimental or descriptive. Notably, this dictates how one will; gather, interpret, and analyze the results. Many rules govern a descriptive study. Some of these rules include measurement of a subject once intending to determine the relationship between the different variables. The second rule is ensuring a valid and correct estimation of a relationship between different variables; thus, the study makes use of a sample population of hundreds or thousands. Experimental design includes purposefully chosen subjects measured before and after a particular examination intended to establish the relationship between different variables
The questionnaires in quantitative research surveys tend to favor closed-ended questions. These questions provide the respondent with a list of answers where they will generally be allowed to give lengthy open-ended responses (Dörnyei, 2007). This ensures that the quantitative process is efficient as compared to the use of qualitative style open questions. Quantitative surveys allow for the addition of further categories in the record of likely replies to different inquiries where suitable. As such, this permits respondents to obtain their exact reactions documented and used in the evaluation of outcomes. When it comes to surveys, there is a much variety defined in terms of time and terms of administration. There are two types of studies classified in terms of time. They are cross-sectional surveys and longitudinal surveys. The type of surveys administered at just one point is referred to as cross-sectional surveys. They offer detailed insights and details of the nature of things for different respondents at the time of administration of the same (Creswell & Clark, 2017).
The various types of longitudinal surveys include panel, trend as cohort surveys. These longitudinal surveys have a collective strength of allowing a researcher to make multiple observations over a time, which allows for the capturing of disparities and changes in different phenomenon (Creswell & Clark, 2017). Delivery of Surveys can also be done door to door, and people can be asked to fill them out where they can be picked after they are completed. Whatever the delivery mechanism is chosen, there is a need to keep in mind the merits and demerits of the various options mentioned. Understanding the pros and cons of these options allows a researcher to choose the necessary method of conducting the surveys (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). For one to design and conduct a quantitative investigation, there should be a consideration of getting input from a survey expert. Employing a survey expert allows for an appropriate account of various issues related to designing suitable samples that use reliable and valid measures (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). Also, a survey expert allows for protest conduction before launching a survey study. Notably, this is because most surveys are customized studies designed to provide answers to specific research questions. Other inquiries can be termed as an omnibus, where questions about a particular topic are added to an existing survey (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
Data Collection, Validity, and Reliability of Quantitative Survey
These questionnaires can be supplied to employees in a corporation to collect data about how the programs of L&D in the organization improve their performance and productivity in the company. Employing survey methods in the collection of data confer a researcher with many benefits. The most notable advantage of the survey method is its reliability. The reliability of survey research method lies in the fact that the phrasing of questions is standardized, which allows for consistency (Dörnyei, 2007). Other qualitative methods of research do not offer this consistency. Assuming well-constructed questions and design of the questionnaire is an excellent strength of survey design, which provides great potential for producing reliable results (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). The validity, on the other hand, can be a significant impediment with surveys. The standardization of survey question limits one from asking questions that are not general (Creswell & Clark, 2017). In essence, survey results are not as valid as results obtained through qualitative ways where results are obtained using data collection methods that provide for in-depth and comprehensive analysis and examination of the subject under study.
References
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methodologies (pp. 95-123). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harlow, L. L., Burkholder, G. J., & Morrow, J. A. (2002). Evaluating attitudes, skill, and performance in a learning-enhanced quantitative methods course: A structural modeling approach. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(3), 413-430.
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