Real friends are reliable. Real friends are honest. Real friends are happy when we succeed and are supportive when we suffer. Real friends are hard to find. It follows that you should cherish your true friends.

Identify the conclusion in the following argument:

Real friends are reliable. Real friends are honest. Real friends are happy when we succeed and are supportive when we suffer. Real friends are hard to find. It follows that you should cherish your true friends.

	Real friends are reliable.
	Real friends are honest.

X	Real friends are happy when we succeed and supportive when we suffer.
	You should cherish your true friends.

Question 2 – 1 pt

Identify the conclusion in the following argument:

We should drop the term “artificial” in “artificial intelligence.” After all, a computer program beat several champions on the game show Jeopardy. Another computer program defeated a chess grand master. And many computer programs can solve mathematical problems far quicker than any human.

X	We should drop the term “artificial” in “artificial intelligence.”
	A computer program beat several champions on the game show Jeopardy.

	Another computer program defeated a chess grand master.
	Many computer programs can solve mathematical problems far quicker than any human.

Question 3 – 1 pt

Does the following passage contain an argument?

I have seen him eating beef hot dogs and pepperoni pizza. It follows that he is not a vegetarian.

X	Argument
	No argument

Question 4 – 1 pt

Does the following passage contain an argument?

She just inherited one million dollars, so she will probably buy a new house and car.

	Argument
X	No argument

Question 5 – 1 pt

Choose the fallacy that best fits the following passage. 

The speaker tells you why you should vote for her. But she left out some important facts: She was given three citations for speeding, and was audited by the IRS. It should be clear that she is a liar. Therefore, don’t vote for her.

	Appeal to the people
	Appeal to pity

X	Ad hominem abusive
	Tu quoque

Question 6 – 1 pt

Choose the fallacy that best fits the following passage. 

The scientist argued that the body of scientific knowledge over the past several centuries has eroded the authenticity of the world’s major religions. But he is an astrophysicist, and since most scientists are atheists, we can reject his arguments.

	Appeal to unqualified authority
	Appeal to pity

X	Ad hominem circumstantial
	Tu quoque

Question 7 –  1pt

Choose the fallacy that best fits the following passage. 

The governor is proposing a lot of radical changes. For instance, she wants to raise taxes on those making over $100,000 a year. She wants to expand aid to the poor and build apartments for the homeless. But it’s clear that she is just trying to get more taxpayer money so she can give it to those big businesses who supported her. The majority of us citizens will gain nothing from her policies. Therefore, we must impeach her.

	Ad hominem circumstantial
	Missing the point

	Appeal to the people
	Appeal to pit

Question 8 – 1 pt

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P).

All dictators are evil people.

	Subject term: dictators; Predicate term: evil people. This is an example of an I-proposition.
	Subject term:evil people; Predicate term:dictators. This is an example of an A-proposition.

	Subject term:evil people; Predicate term:dictators. This is an example of an I-proposition.
X	Subject term:dictators; Predicate term: evil people. This is an example of an A-proposition.

Question 9 – 1 pt

Analyze the following categorical proposition by doing the following: (1) Identify the subject and predicate of each proposition; (2) identify the categorical proposition as either A (All S are P), E (No S are P), I (Some S are P), or O (Some S are not P).

No superstitious people are lucky people.

X	Subject term: superstitious people; Predicate term: lucky people. This is an example of an E-proposition.
	Subject term: lucky people; Predicate term:superstitious people. This is an example of an E-proposition.

	Subject term:superstitious people; Predicate term: lucky people. This is an example of an O-proposition.
	Subject term: lucky people; Predicate term:superstitious people. This is an example of an A-proposition.

Question 10 – 1 pt

The categorical proposition that follows is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed).

No polar bears are vegetarians.

	Universal affirmative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.
	Universal negative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term distributed.

X	Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.
	Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term undistributed.

Question 11 – 1 pt

The categorical proposition that follows is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed).

No televised sporting events are scripted programs.

	Universal affirmative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.
	Universal negative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term distributed.

X	Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.
	Particular negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

Question 12 – 1 pt

Change both the quality and the quantity of the following categorical propositions.

Some comedians are not surgeons.

	Some comedians are surgeons.
	Some surgeons are comedians.

X	No comedians are surgeons.
	All comedians are surgeons

Question 13 – 1 pt

Change both the quality and the quantity of the following categorical propositions.

Some wines are champagnes.

	Some wines are not champagnes.
	All wines are champagnes.

	No wines are champagnes.
X	All champagnes are wines.

Syllogistic Argument with Categorical Claims for questions 14 -17.

Some dogs are not independent animals.
Some dogs are not ferocious pets.
Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

Question 14 – 1 pt

Identify the figure of the syllogistic argument above:

	1
	2

	3
	4

Question 15 – 1 pt

Identify the major term of the syllogistic argument above:

	dogs
	independent animals

ferocious pets

Question 16 – 1 pt

Identify the middle term of the syllogistic argument above:

	dogs
	independent animals

ferocious pets

Question 17 – 1 pt

Identify the minor term of the syllogistic argument above:

	dogs
	independent animals

ferocious pets

Question 18 – 1 pt

Identify the mood of the following categorical syllogism:

Some dogs are not independent animals.
Some dogs are not ferocious pets.
Some ferocious pets are not independent animals.

	OEO
	EEE

	OOA
	OOO

Question 19 – 1 pt

Determine the mood and figure of the following categorical syllogism:

Some M are P.
Some M are not S.
Some S are not P.

	EEE-3
	OOO-2

	IOO-3
	EEE-2

Question 20 – 1 pt

Determine the mood and figure of the following categorical syllogism:

All M are P.
No S are M.
No S are P.

	AOE-4
	EOA-2

	AOE-3
	AEE-1

Question 21 – 2 pts

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. 

Some sea urchins are beautiful organisms in nature. No algae are beautiful organisms in nature. So, some algae are not sea urchins.

Let S = sea urchins, O =beautiful organisms in nature,and A =algae.

	Some O are S. No A are O. Some A are not S.
	Some S are O. No O are A. Some A are not S.

	Some A are O. Some S are not O. Some A are not S.
	Some S are O. No A are O. Some A are not S.

Question 22 – 2 pts

Choose the correct standard-form categorical syllogism translation of the following argument. 

Some stones are objects we often leave unturned. Some sedimentary rocks are objects we often leave unturned. Thus, some stones are sedimentary rocks.

Let S = stones, O = objects we often leave unturned,and R = sedimentary rocks.

	Some O are S. Some O are R. Some S are R.
	Some R are O. Some S are O. Some S are not R.

	Some R are O. Some S are O. Some S are R.
	Some S are O. Some O are R. Some S are R.

Question 23- 1 pt

Translate the following statement into symbolic form by using logical operators and uppercase letters to represent the English statements. 

My computer is not expensive, but it performs magnificently.

Let C = My computer is expensive, and M = it performs magnificently:

	~ C ⋅ M
	C ⋅ ~ M

	C ν ~ M

Question 24 – 1 pt

Translate the following statement into symbolic form by using logical operators and uppercase letters to represent the English statements. 

Either cabbage or quinine is bad for your teeth.

Let C = cabbage is bad for your teeth, and Q = quinine is bad for your teeth:

	C ⋅ Q
	Q ⋅ C

	C ν Q
	C ⊃ Q

Question 25 – 1 pt

If “~ X” is true, then what is X?

	X is true.
	X is false.

X could be true or fals

Question 26 – 1 pt

If “X v Y” is false, then can one of the disjuncts be true?

	Yes
	No

Question 27 – 1 pt

Identify the form of the following argument.

Becky would be angry if Tim was late to the restaurant. Becky was not angry, so Tim was not late to the restaurant.

	Modus ponens (valid)
	Modus tollens (valid)

	Affirming the consequent (invalid)
	Denying the antecedent (invalid)

Question 28 – 1 pt

Identify the form of the following argument.

If Sweden takes the gold medal in cross-country skiing, then Germany takes the silver medal in cross-country skiing. Sweden did take the gold medal in cross-country skiing, so Germany took the silver medal in cross-country skiing.

	Modus ponens (valid)
	Modus tollens (valid)

	Affirming the consequent (invalid)
	Denying the antecedent (invalid)

Question 29 – 1 pt

Identify the form of the following argument.

Sean White dominates the half-pike only if Seth Wescott disqualified. Seth Wescott disqualified. So, Sean White dominated the half-pike.

	Modus ponens (valid)
	Modus tollens (valid)

	Affirming the consequent (invalid)
	Denying the antecedent (invalid)

Question 30 – 2 pts

Which of these symbolic translations represents the following argument?

If it is a sea urchin, then it is an echinoidea. It is not a sea urchin. Therefore, it is not an echinoidea.

Let S = it is a sea urchin, and E = it is an echinoidea

	S ⊃E         S             E
	S ⊃E         ~ S              E

	S ⊃E         S              ~ E
	S ⊃E         ~ S             ~ E

Question 31 – 2 pts

Which of these symbolic translations represents the following argument?

If it is not a malodorous gas, then it is not sulfur dioxide. It is not a malodorous gas. Therefore, it is not sulfur dioxide.

Let M = it is a malodorous gas, and S = it is sulfur dioxide

	~M ⊃~ S         M                  S
	~M ⊃~ S         ~ M                  ~S

	~M ⊃~ S         M                  ~ S
	~M ⊃~ S         ~ M                  S

Extra Credit Question – 5 pts

Which of these symbolic translations represents the following argument?

If Bernice takes a cruise then both Alfred and Chuck will go with her on the cruise. If Alfred goes on the cruise with Bernice, then Donna will go on the cruise. Chuck goes on the cruise with Bernice only if Donna will go on the cruise, but Donna will not go on the cruise. So, Bernice will not take a cruise.

Let B = Bernice takes a cruise, A = Alfred goes with Bernice on the cruise, C = Chuck goes with Bernice on the cruise, andD = Donna goes on the cruise.

	(B ⊃ A) ⋅ C D ⊃ A (D ⊃ B) ~D           ~B
	(B ⊃ A) ⋅ C A ⊃ D (C ⊃ D) D         ~B

	B ⊃ (A ⋅ C) A ⊃ D (C ⊃ D) ~D           ~B
	B ⊃ (A ⋅ C) D ⊃ A (D ⊃ C) ~D           ~B

 

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