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Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

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Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

 

This paper is talking about the palliative care program in the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM), the project will highlight Development Programs in Palliative Care in this academy, the mission of the College of Palliative Care, definition of Palliative Care, vision, goals and how can academic studies to support the professional growth and development of palliative care.Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

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Palliative care program in the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM)

Palliative care is the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment. Control of pain, of other symptoms and of psychological, social and spiritual problems is paramount.[1]

In part because of the report of Cancer 2000 Task Force by Expert Panel on Palliative Care (1991), there has been an ongoing debate about the types of palliative care services that should be created over the last several years.[2]

In recognition of the changing trajectory of dying and the implications for palliative care, the World Health Organization (WHO) has modified its 1982 definition of palliative care to the following:” Palliative care is an approach to care which improves quality of life of patients and their families facing life-threatening illness, through the prevention, assessment and treatment of pain and other physical, psychological and spiritual problems”.[3]

One of the greatest organizations which seek to provide support to palliative care by focusing on the area of research and study in this field is the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (AAHPM). The American Academy shall determine the goal and definition of palliative care as to prevent and relieve suffering and to support the best possible quality of life for patients facing life-threatening or debilitating illness and their families, regardless of the stage of the disease or the need for other therapies. Palliative care is both a philosophy of care and an organized, highly structured system for delivering care. On the other hand we can say that the goal of palliative care is achievement of the best possible quality of life for patients and their families.[4]Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

Similarly, we can say that her vision of Palliative Care is to promote palliative care research and education through her college of Palliative Care, and to advance palliative care as an academic and clinical discipline. The primary goal of the College of Palliative Care is to provide support for the development of leadership skills of junior, mid-level, and senior interdisciplinary practitioners who will advance palliative care as an academic and clinical discipline through educational and research endeavors.

At the same time, for many years the AAHPM endeavored through her academic studies to support the professional growth and development of palliative care, this is reflected through planning and hosting annual multidisciplinary research retreats in conjunction with the AAHPM Research Committee along with providing structured opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration. Finally, we can say that the Academy is making greater efforts to provide support to palliative care, and this is what we hope to find through several organizations allover the world.Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

Mission Statement

The Academy is the professional organization for physicians specializing in hospice and palliative medicine. For 20 years, the Academy has dedicated itself to advancing hospice and palliative medicine and improving the care of patients with life- threatening or serious conditions. Originally organized as the Academy of Hospice Physicians in 1988, the Academy began with 250 charter members and has grown to well over 3,600 in 2008.Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Essay.

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Safety and Health Essay.

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Safety and Health Essay.

 

Why are safety and health important? How would you approach designing a program that would enhance a safe and healthy environment for your workers? Why would you employ this approach? What specific approaches might you avoid and why?

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Introduction

Safety and heath of workers in any working environment is very important. Every employer has legal responsibilities to ensure that their employees work in a safe and healthy environment. This is not only to the benefit of the employees but to also that of the employer. Poor health and safety leads to accidents and illnesses of the employees which can be detrimental to any employer in terms of guilt, poor profits and also prosecution. The right approach to ensuring safe and healthy working environments is not just about doing the minimum required, but also, legal requirements have to be followed.Safety and Health Essay.

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Good health and safety practices improve an employer’s reputation with customers, regulators and the employees. One of the organizations which has come out strongly, to ensure the effective safety and health practices are implemented at various places of work is AIHA. Its mission is to promote healthy and safe environments, by advancing science, principles, practice, and value of industrial hygiene and occupational and environmental health and safety. (Cooper, 1998)

Health and Safety Designed Programs

In order to ensure that workers are protected from harsh environments that can lead to them dying or even getting sick, a program has to be designed to ensure that they have safe and healthy working environments. Communication between an employer and an employee is very important. Employees can be made to understand the health and safety procedures available. This can be made available through training.

An employer must provide training to his employees to ensure that they know how to work safely, and without risks to health, they know about their health and safety policy, how to implement it and the part they have to play. The training will also create an awareness of their health and safety responsibilities towards themselves, their colleagues and visitors who come to their working environments. Employees may also need training for them to adhere to environmental regulations such as working with hazardous, controlled substances or even gases.

Recreational service unit should be provided in any working environment. Recreational activities ensure lifelong practice of healthy activities. Coordination of recreational activities and working makes it possible to track injuries, promote individual counseling and also public health. This allows the employees to have both physical and emotion wellbeing which will enable them to be productive. An employer should also design a program regarding smoking.Safety and Health Essay.

He should be able to create smoking zones within the workplace. The workers should be made to respect the fact that certain areas within the working premise are smoking free zones. Besides the fact that it will protect non-smoking workers from taking in the emitted smoke, it will also protect the premise from fire breakouts. It has been noted that cigarette smokers are absent from work on average 5-6 days per year more than non-smokers. Hence, employers should even go ahead to teach their employees on the evils associated with smoking.

The probability of fire breakouts in any working environment should be reduced and proper precaution taken, in the case of it occurring. Some of the factors that contribute to fire breakouts in work places include: Poor management and maintenance, improper storage of combustibles, and unsafe electrical wiring and lighting. Some of the measures that can be taken to reduce fire incidents in a workplace are numerous. Therefore this calls for the designing of a program which will ensure that the incidents are reduced to a minimum.

Buildings should be constructed with fire retardant materials so that they do not catch fire easily. Combustibles that are not frequently used should be discarded from any working premise or they should be stored in a fire retardant compartment. Materials and equipments used for wiring should meet the requirements of National electric code. Last but not least, all electric equipments (fuses, junctions, and outlet boxes) should be kept free of grease and dust. (Cooper, 1998)

Workers should put on personal protective equipments and clothing at all times. This depends with the type of work one is involved in. These protective equipments protect workers from injuries when they are in their work places. An employer should ensure that they are put on at all times in the premises. These offer protection to various parts of the body.

There are those that offer head protection, eye protection, Respiratory protection, Hearing protection, Hand protection, and foot protection. There are those that offer protection to the body and they come as body coverings, then we have the first aid box which is a prerequisite in any working environment. Some of the protective equipments include; hard hats, safety glasses, goggles, earplugs, just to mention but a few. (Quinn, 1988)Safety and Health Essay.

Good hygiene should be established in work places if the employees are to be assured of being healthy. A program should be designed to ensure that all work premises have clean toilets, good sewerage system and clean water. Polluted water can be a cause of many water borne diseases such as dysentery, cholera and typhoid among the employees. A good water source should be established by an employer prior to starting any business premise. The water source should be reliable in the sense that it does not dry up. The water should be tapped and treated just to ensure that it is safe for drinking.

There should be a good sewerage system in a work premise. The effluents and wastes can be a source of diseases to the employees if they are not discarded appropriately. For example, there should be a good soakage pit that can contain the effluents and wastes from the work premise. An employer should ensure that his working premise has sufficient number of toilets that are safe for using. They should have water for flushing, should be well ventilated and kept in perfect condition.

These programs should be implemented to offer employees a good and safe environment to work in. However, there are some approaches which cannot produce the desired results in terms of ensuring safety and good health of employees. In the case a program is designed for this purpose, it should be done in a gentle way to avoid startling the employees. Example, banning smoking in work premises should be done gradually to prevent the smoking workers from ignoring their duties. They should not feel discriminated upon. Force should not be used by an employer when he wants to introduce a new program in a workplace. (Holden, et al, 1997)

Other than that, the program should not be temporal. It should be there to last for as long as possible. Introducing and adopting a program that is going to last for a short period is pointless. Actually, it is both time and money consuming. For example, adopting a training program that is going to educate workers on health and safety issues is good. But if the training is going to stop and an employer acquires new employees, then what he had already started would all go down the drain.

Conclusion

Therefore, it is important for an employer to ensure that he encourages the employees to support the health and safety programs put in place, for it is for their own good. (Reason, 1993). The programs, might be hard, expensive, or time consuming to come up with. Implementing the programs may also be a bit challenging. But it has been noted that their end results are really good and effective in any working environment.Safety and Health Essay.

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Business in Healthcare Essay.

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Business in Healthcare Essay.

 

  1. Why is accounts receivable aging process in a healthcare organization?
  2. What would happen of the organization did use it or did not use this method.
  3. What are the advantages of inventory control in a health care organization?
  4. Does `just in time ` inventory control apply to the health care organization?

Accounts receivable aging process in a healthcare organization is a technique of demonstrating periodically the status of the invoice that is given to customers for goods and services.   It is an important aspect of the budget process in an organization.  The customers may not pay in cash for their healthcare services.  Some healthcare markets may run on a credit system. The accounts receivable aging process would ensure that the healthcare organization actually keeps a track of what payments the customer has to make, and the balances that are recoverable.Business in Healthcare Essay.

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In this way, the organization would be receiving its dues on time and help meet the operating costs. An accounts receivable aging process would also help to maintain relationships with the customers.  The organization can frequently call up the customer and can ask about the pending invoices.  The organization would also identify situations in which relationships with certain clients have to be cut and future transactions abandoned, arising from long due debts.Business in Healthcare Essay.

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If several clients are not paying their dues to the organization, then the organization may have to cut such relationships in order to protect its financial situation.   The accounts receivable aging process may also be utilized to identify those customers from whom advance payments should be collected.  Accounts receivable aging would ensure that the reports of the invoices are recorded and are provided as and when required to the authorities of the organization (Wise Geek, 2007).

Recent studies have shown that account receivable aging process is a very important aspect in healthcare organizations due to several factors including high amount of competition, felt need to lower the operations costs, and higher spending on health packages purchased by the consumers.  A healthcare organization in the US had faced losses to the tune of 200 million dollars due to failure of the consumers to pay for their pending bills.   Slowly, the healthcare organizations are beginning to understand the importance of account receivable aging process.Business in Healthcare Essay.

The billing staff are being made aware of various aspects including checking the previous balances, clearing the claims, etc.   At this point of time, there is a sudden increase in the costs of providing healthcare for the patients.   Studies have shown that there may be an increase of about 20 to 40 %.   Hence management of account receivables is all that more important (Bridge Front, 2007).

Having an effective inventory control system in the hospital would have several advantages.   It would ensure that there are no shortages and compromises in the provision of patient care.  In case of an emergency (such as an epidemic or a disaster), an effective inventory control system would ensure that the hospital can meet a sudden rise in demand of patient care.   An inventory control system would ensure that the organization could procure the logistics at a lower rate (considering that discounts and rebates would given for bulk purchases).

The merchant supplying the logistics would also reduce the costs due to lower transportation and operating costs.   An effective inventory control system would also manage wasteful or excessive use of resources.   The hospital can procure the logistics as per the needs and effectively prevent stocks from getting expired in the hospital storeroom. An effective inventory control system would also ensure that all types of consumables including the slow moving and the fast movable ones are procured and handled appropriately (Barlow, 2005 & NIHFW, 2002).Business in Healthcare Essay.

Just-in-time (JIT) inventory control is a new method of managing the inventory in an organization.   It could also be applied in a hospital, but it should ensure that the supplier is trustworthy, familiar and reliable.  A JIT system would help to lower wastages, use space for other purposes, help in reducing the costs, etc.   It would also play a role in improving the quality of care provided (Kenny, 1992).Business in Healthcare Essay.

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The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

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The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

 

Economic indicators show that as a developing country, Ghana has a favorable economic and financial performance especially compared to the other countries in the region.   The GDP of the country was estimated to be $59.15 billion for 2006 which amounts to $2600 GDP per capita. These figures showed that there was a healthy growth of 5.7% in that year (CIA, 2007).The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

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Other important factors that must be considered before making an investment decision in the country are high exchange, interest and inflation rates which have been adversely affected by the increasing prices of petrol.

Import and Exports

The country earns foreign exchange mainly from export of gold and cocoa (CIA, 2007) and the increasing prices have lead to a lot of growth in the country (EDC, 2006). Its major imports include capital goods and petroleum (CIA, 2007). This has an obvious effect on the cost of production within the country. However, the government supports industrial growth through oil subsidies and other such measures. Such measures put a lot of pressure of Ghana’s budget deficit. Therefore in accordance with its fiscal policy of reducing budgetary deficit and domestic debt, there has been a recent reduction in oil subsidies (EDC, 2006).

Stock Market

Ghana has one stock exchange called the Ghana Stock Exchange which has 22 listed companies by the end of the 1990’s which are of mainly of gold, cocoa, banking and brewing industry. However, market movements are mainly determined by the Ashanti Goldfield stocks.

Local Exchange Rates and Trends,

The currency of Ghana is called Ceti (GTC). Till the early 1980’s the exchange rate of the currency was artificially maintained. But once this policy was abolished and the currency was devalued and floated its value began to decrease significantly. In 1995, a policy to use exchange rates to control inflation was adopted which lead to “considerable intervention in the exchange rate market”. The exchange rates continued to move upwards until the end of the 90’s. However, since the tightening of the monetary and fiscal policies, lower debt service payments and lower inflation rates the exchange rates have become quite stable in the past five years. (EIU, 2006)The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

Currency Control or Repatriation Issues to Be Addressed,

With the proactive efforts to bring down inflation rate to a single digit figure by the end of 2007 (Coutsoukis, 2004), policy makers have again adopted the strategy of using exchange rates to control inflation by using donor aid and remittances to buy Cetis to control money supply. Thus, even though, the exchange rates are stabilizing in nominal terms, the real exchange rate increased by 11.5% in 2005. Therefore, one has to consider whether the policy will be able to sustain the stability in the exchange rates in the future. (EIU, 2006).

Market Analysis

With the increasing global energy demands there has been a huge increase in oil and gas exploration activities through out the world. The total revenue generated by the oil and gas exploration and production sector was $2,269.8 billion which represents a 22.8% growth over a five year period. (Datamoniter, 2006)

The important producers and exporters of petroleum in Africa are Algeria and Nigeria who are both OPEC members. Angola, which is not a member of OPEC, is also becoming an important producer of oil as various off-shore fields have gotten discovered here.

Ghana had proved oil reserves of 8.255 million bbl at the end of 2001 and 23.79 billion cu m proved natural gas reserves at the end of 2004 (CIA 2007). The discovered oil reserves are located at five sedimentary basins -Tano, Saltpond, Accra/Keta, Volta, and Cape Three Points basins (Stultz-Karim) and some deep-water locations.  Hence, Shell has to consider both on shore and off shore exploration activities. Large investment in equipment will be required especially if Shell is considering deep water prospecting.

According to the 2004 estimates Ghana’s consumption of oil was 44000 bbl/ day. Only about one-sixth of this demand was catered by local supply of 7477 bbl/day. Natural gas produced and consumed however was 0 cu m.

Oil prices had been fixed for manufacturers for many years to support industrial growth however this increased the debt burden on the government. Cutting back the subsidies that control the local oil prices, “the prices are regularly adjusted to cost-recovery level” which include taxes, distributor margins, debt recovery levies etc (EIU, 2006).The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

Primary Market Characteristics

Demand for Fuel is more than the supply

Ghana has an increasing need for supply of fuel to feed its growing industries. The demand is being fulfilled mainly through import of Petroleum from Nigeria. Once the West African Gas Pipeline begins operating gas will also be provided to Ghana through the same country.

Removal of Subsidiaries on Petroleum—Higher cost of production

As subsidiaries on petroleum have been cutback the industrial costs have increased. Consumer wants fuel that costs less.

Only one Refinery

The country only has one refinery which is called Temo Oil refinery in which Shell also has a shareholding (Coutsoukis, 2004). It has a refining capacity of 45,000 bpd (Stultz-Karim) which is able to fulfill only 70% of the country’s demand.

Hydroelectricity

Ghana’s main source of power is hydroelectricity. Most of its energy demands are fulfilled by Hydroelectricity. But this is not enough as petroleum has to be imported to fulfill other demands

Secondary Market Characteristics

Regulatory Authorities

There are two authorities that deal with petroleum exploration and production market. One is Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) and the other is the National Petroleum Authority (NPA). GNPC is responsible for encouraging and facilitating the oil and gas exploration and production process (Coutsoukis) while NPA is responsible for overlook the downstream petroleum trade (Stultz-Karim).The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

Market Segmentation by Type

The market can be segmented into two ways natural gas exploration and crude oil prospecting. Ghana some proved reserves of both the resources. Ghana covers its fuel requirements through oil the major portion of which is imported. The new gas pipeline that has been developed will soon allow Ghana to have another alternative fuel. Even though Ghana has produced some petroleum from its oil fields, its gas fields have so far been hardly touched.

Opportunity Market Possibilities

As already mentioned gas reserves in Ghana have so been untouched. This offers a lot of opportunities to Shell. However, Ghana does not have a gas processing plant and the government may not be interested in having one if they find gas from Nigeria to be much cheaper. On the other hand if the quantity of gas reserves is substantial the government may be more interested.

Most of the exploration that has been near to the shoreline of Ghana but with its financial and technical strength, Shell can also indulge in deepwater prospecting.The Country’s and Region’s Financial Health Essay.

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