In a classic study, Milgram et al . “lost” stamped envelopes with fi ctitious addresses (Medical Research Association, Personal Address, Friends of Communist Party, and Frien

In a classic study, Milgram et al . “lost” stamped envelopes with fi ctitious addresses (Medical Research Association, Personal Address, Friends of Communist Party, and Friends of Nazi Party).* One hundred letters with each address were distributed among four locations (shops, cars, streets, and phone booths) in New Haven Connecticut, with the following results:

ADDRESS                                 RETURNED       NOT RETURNED     TOTAL

Medical Research Association 72                        28                             100

Personal Address                       71                         29                              100

Friends of Communist Party     25                        75                               100

Friends of Nazi Party                 25                        75                               100

Total                                         193                       207                                400

(a) Using the .05 level of signifi cance, test the null hypothesis that address does not matter in the underlying population.

(b) Specify the approximate p -value for this result.

(c) Assuming c2 is signifi cant, estimate the strength of this relationship.

(d) How might these results be reported in the literature?

(e) Collapse the original 4 x 2 table to a 2 x 2 table by combining the results for the two neutral addresses and for the two infl ammatory addresses. Calculate the odds ratio for returned letters.

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