NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Assignment: Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement
As a nurse, how often have you thought to yourself, If I had anything to do about it, things would work a little differently? Increasingly, nurses are beginning to realize that they do, in fact, have a role and a voice.
Many nurses encounter daily experiences that motivate them to take on an advocacy role in hopes of impacting policies, laws, or regulations that impact healthcare issues of interest. Of course, doing so means entering the less familiar world of policy and politics. While many nurses do not initially feel prepared to operate in this space effectively, the reward is the opportunity to shape and influence future health policy. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
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The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid; 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement)
Part 1: Legislation Comparison Grid
Based on the health-related bill you selected, complete the Legislation Comparison Grid Template. Be sure to address the following:
Determine the legislative intent of the bill you have reviewed.
Identify the proponents/opponents of the bill.
Identify the target populations addressed by the bill.
Where in the process is the bill currently? Is it in hearings or committees? NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Is it receiving press coverage?
Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement
Based on the health-related bill you selected, develop a 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement that addresses the following:
Advocate a position for the bill you selected and write testimony in support of your position.
Describe how you would address the opponent to your position. Be specific and provide examples.
Recommend at least one amendment to the bill in support of your position.
A 45-year-old grocery sales clerk has been suffering from bouts of severe pain in his left flank region. He blamed it on prolonged standing for 8 hours straight while working. He was taking over-the-counter pain medications for his pain. One day, he found fresh blood in his urine. He went to a doctor who performed urine tests, CT scans, and x-rays. He was diagnosed with urinary calculi. •Discuss possible factors that may have been responsible for the development of the stone and use this case to show how the patient’s diet and water intake can help analyze the composition of the calculi. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
Factors responsible for the development can include his family or personal history, being over 40, his gender, his diet, weight, over the counter medications, and possible dehydration. He will need to drink plenty of water, avoid excess caffeine, black tea, grapefruit and apple juices. He should also avoid foods high in oxalates, limit his sodium Intake, limit his animal protein and avoid mega-doses of vitamin
C. By following this dietary and water intake method it should help analyze if the calculi composition is Calcium oxalate, Calcium phosphate, Cystine, Magnesium ammonium phosphate, or Uric acid. •What would be the test results of his white blood cells, blood calcium levels, CT scan, and x-ray? Urinalysis will be positive for nitrite, leukocyte esterase, and blood. The white blood cell (WBC) count will be elevated, with a left shift. Creatinine level will also be elevated in outlet obstruction. CT scan will demonstrate bladder calculi if the test is performed without IV contrast material. The unenhanced spiral CT is sensitive but yet specific in diagnosing calculi along the urinary tract and even pure urate calculi can be detected this way. KUB detects radiopaque stones because pure uric acid and ammonium urate stones are radiolucent and can be coated with a layer of opaque calcium sediment. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
The sonogram will show a classic hyperechoic object with posterior shadowing, and it is effective in identifying both radiolucent and radiopaque stones. (Basler, 2014) •Suggest the best treatment for the patient and a plan to prevent recurrence post-treatment. Treatment is with analgesics, antibiotics for infection, medical expulsive therapy, and, sometimes, shock wave lithotripsy or endoscopic procedures. •Facilitate calculus passage with α-receptor blockers such as tamsulosin. •For persistent or infection-causing calculi, complete removal using primarily endoscopic techniques. (Preminger, 2014)
Prevention
Drink plenty of water, get the proper amount of calcium according to your age, reduce sodium , limit animal protein such as red meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood , and avoid stone-forming foods such as beets, chocolate, spinach, rhubarb, tea, most nuts rich in oxalate, and colas rich in phosphate.
References:
Preminger,G. (2014, July). Urinary Calculi. Merck Manuals. Retrieved from: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/urinary_calculi/urinary_calculi.html Pendick, D. (2013, Oct). 5 steps for Preventing Kidney Stones. Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from: http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/5-steps-for-preventing-kidney-stones-201310046721 Basler, J. (2014). Bladder Stones Workup. WEbMd. Retrieved from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2120102-workup#showall
1. Ketones are formed by the breakdown of which substances?
Fats for energy a process called ketosis
2. Hyperglycemia stimulates the secretion of which substance from the pancreas? Insulin. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
3. Hypoglycemia stimulates the secretion of which substance from the pancreas? Glucagon
4. What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine
5. 5. What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels? glucose, oxidase, peroxide, dianisidine
6. When was the blood glucose concentration the highest? Immediately after the meal
7. Why was blood glucose concentration the highest at this time? Food and beverage intake
8. When was insulin concentration at its highest?
1-3 hour after meal
9. What effect will the high concentration of insulin have on the blood glucose levels? Insulin will lower the blood glucose level to normal. 1
0. When was the glucagon concentration at its highest?
Before the meal(Fasting)
11. How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?
Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of insulin.
12. Sucrase splits sucrose into _________ and __________. glucose and fructose
13. Sucrase is found in which part of the GI tract? stomach
14. Regarding the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, what was the independent variable? Temperature
15. State the optimum pH for sucrase activity.
PH of 6
16. What happens to the activity of sucrase as the pH becomes more alkaline?
Temperature increases
17. Compare optimal temperature for sucrase activity to body temperature. Sucrase temperature is more active when it close to body temperature.
18. How would a slight fever affect sucrase activity? Increase the sucrose activity.
19. Referring to the table above, specifically state where in the intestine sucrase is likely most active. duodenum. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
20. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch, has an optimal pH of 6.7- 7.0. Explain why salivary amylase is active in the mouth, but becomes inactive in the stomach. Salivary amylase is an enyme that’s active in the mouth in order to break down starch into glucose it carries it function out in the environment where the PH is 6.7- 7.0 however activity decreases are the PH changes which is the stomach where the environment is more acidic.
-Blood enters each kidney via renal artery and leaves each kidney via renal vein
-Urine exists the kidney through a duct called the ureter and the uruters of both kidneys drain into a common urinary bladder
-Kidney consists of outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla
-Nephron is functional unit of vertebrate kidney
-Consists of single long tubule and ball of capillaries called the glomerulus
-Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus
-Kidney regulates the composition of the blood and produce urine
-Filtration occurs as blood pressure forces water, urea, salts, and other small solutes from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule
-Nonselective
-Filtrate goes into proximal tube, loop of Henle (a hairpin turn with a descending limb and ascending limb) and the distal tubule
-Kidney consists of cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons (only in mammals and birds)
-Most of filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood; the kidneys take out about 1%
-Proximal and distal tubules are the most common sites of secretion
-Very selective process with both passive and active transport of solutes
-Proximal, distal tubules, and loop of Henle contribute to Reabsorption. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
-Collecting duct also helps in Reabsorption
-Mammalian’s kidney’s ability to conserve water is considered an important adaptation
-Antidieretic hormone is important in osmoregulation
-Made in hypothalamus and released when osmolarity in blood rises above certain point
-ADH acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts by increasing their permeability to water
-Causes more water Reabsorption
-Is turned off through negative feedback
-Juxtaglomerulur apparatus located in the vicinity of the afferent arteriole, which supplies blood to the glomerulus
-When blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole drops, the enzyme rennin causes chemical reactions that create a peptide called angiotensin II
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-Angiotensin II increases blood pressure and blood volume by constricting arterioles and decreasing blood flow to many capillaries like the kidney
-Causes more salt and water reabsorption to increase blood volume
-Causes release of aldosterone, which also acts on nephron’s distal tubules and helps, reabsorb more sodium and water
-Negative feedback turns rennin production off
-Called the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-Atrial natriuretic factor opposes RAAS
-Released by the heart in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure
-Inhibits the release of rennin
-Inhibits NaCl reabsorption and reduces aldosterone release from adren. NURS 6050 – Human Physiology and Pathophysiology Essay Paper
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