Which of the following best represents the concept of replacement, reduction, and refinement when using nonhuman primates in biomedical research?

Which of the following best represents the concept of replacement, reduction, and refinement when using nonhuman primates in biomedical research?

Relieve procedural pain by administration of appropriate use of analgesic or anesthetic drugs.
Replace primates with a less expensive lab animal species that is not as good a model for the problem being studied.
Restrain primates manually for a painful procedure instead of administering sedative drugs to lessen distress.
Refine the protocol to use a minimally invasive technique such as laparoscopic surgery instead of an open abdominal procedure.
Reduce the number of animals to be used as long as the numbers remain sufficient to generate a valid conclusion.

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