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Discussion: Hematologic Disorders

APA format 2 pages MSN class 3 references 2 from Walden University Library

 

Discussion: Hematologic Disorders

In the 1970s, the average lifespan for patients diagnosed with sickle cell disease was 14 years. Today, the average lifespan has increased to 50 years and beyond (TriHealth, 2012). The patient prognosis for many other hematologic disorders, such as hemophilia and cancer, continue to improve, as well. This can be attributed to advancements in medical care—specifically, drug therapy and treatment. When managing drug therapies for patients, it is essential to continually examine current treatments and evaluate the impact of patient factors on drug effectiveness. To prepare for your role as an advanced practice nurse, it is important for you to become familiar with common drug treatments for various hematologic disorders seen in clinical settings.

To prepare:

  • Review Chapter 21 of the Huether and McCance text and Chapter 49 and Chapter 50 of the Arcangelo text.

If your last name begins with the letters A–L:

  • Select one of the following hematologic disorders: anemia, cancer, white blood cell disorders, or thrombolytic disorders. Consider the pathophysiology, as well as the types of drugs that would be used to treat your selected disorder.
  • Select one of the following factors: age or behavior. Consider how your selected factor might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder. Then, reflect on how your selected factor might impact the effects of drug treatments, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative effects.

If your last name begins with the letters M–Z:

  • Select one of the following genetic hematologic disorders: sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, or hemophilia. Consider the pathophysiology, as well as the types of drugs that would be used to treat your selected disorder.
  • Select one of the following factors: gender or ethnicity. Consider how your selected factor might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder. Then, reflect on how your selected factor might impact the effects of drug treatments, as well as measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.
By Day 3

Post a description of the hematologic disorder you selected, including its pathophysiology and types of drugs that would be prescribed to treat patients. Then, explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of the disorder as well as the effects of prescribed drugs. Explain measures you might take to help reduce any negative side effects.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

 

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ARC: Anatomy Resource Center.

Case Scenario

Ms. G., a 23-year-old diabetic, is admitted to the hospital with a cellulitis of her left lower leg. She has been applying heating pads to the leg for the last 48 hours, but the leg has become more painful and she has developed chilling.

Subjective Data

  • Complains of pain and heaviness in her leg.
  • States she cannot bear weight on her leg and has been in bed for 3 days.
  • Lives alone and has not had anyone to help her with meals.

Objective Data

  • Round, yellow-red, 2 cm diameter, 1 cm deep, open wound above medial malleolus with moderate amount of thick yellow drainage
  • Left leg red from knee to ankle
  • Calf measurement on left 3 in > than right
  • Temperature: 38.9 degrees C
  • Height: 160 cm; Weight: 83.7 kg

Laboratory Results

  • WBC 18.3 x 10¹² / L; 80% neutrophils, 12% bands
  • Wound culture: Staphylococcus aureus

Critical Thinking Questions

  1. What clinical manifestations are present in Ms. G and what recommendations would you make for continued treatment? Provide rationale for your recommendations.
  2. Identify the muscle groups likely to be affected by Ms. G’s condition by referring to “ARC: Anatomy Resource Center.”
  3. What is the significance of the subjective and objective data provided with regard to follow-up diagnostic/laboratory testing, education, and future preventative care? Provide rationale for your answer.
  4. What factors are present in this situation that could delay wound healing, and what precautions are required to prevent delayed wound healing? Explain.

 

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Analysis of variance, ANOVA

Comment 1

Analysis of variance, ANOVA, is a statistical technique used to analyze the variation between two or more groups so as to discover the disparity among the group means. Analysis of variance is used to examine the general variation instead of a specific variation between means.

The assumptions that involve the use of ANOVA are:

  • The population is normally distributed
  • The population is mutually exclusive
  • All population should have equal variance
  • The measurement of the dependent variable is at
    the internal/ratio level
  • Each observation of the samples are independent

ANOVA consists of two types of measurements: first, one-way ANOVA and second, two-way ANOVA. The one-way ANOVA is measuring variations among different
groups, comparing two groups or more. The one-way ANOVA is the preferred statistical test when examining two or more groups. An example of using one-way
ANOVA  is the analysis of a particular sport but on different education levels like sophomore, junior, or senior. The two-way ANOVA is used when the variations analysis is comparing a much more complicated pair of groupings. An example of two-way ANOVA could be analyzing the grades of an American senior student to the grades of a student who is studying in America on the exchange student program.

comment 2

Analysis of variance refers to the differences between two, three, or more groups. The textbook says two or more groups, while the visual learner says three or more groups (Grove & Cipher, 2017, p. 179); (The Visual Learner, 2018). There are different versions of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests but the most basic form, is a one-way ANOVA. The one-way ANOVA has only one dependent variable and one independent variable. The variable is dependent if it is being tested and measured. The independent variable is the variable that is changed to see how it affects the dependent variable. The outcome of the ANOVA provides an F-ratio that is an average of the differences between the groups. There will also be a F-critical value. If the F-critical value is not more than the F-ratio, the null hypothesis would be rejected at the given alpha level.

The test must meet certain guidelines. The distributions of the populations should be very near normal. The variance of the population should be the same. The samples must be quantitative and taken from simple random samples and the samples must not be dependent on one another (The Visual Learner, 2018).

The repeated-measures analysis of variance can be used to measure changes in the dependent variable over extended periods of time.

Post hoc analysis can then be used to find the location of the variance. These tests include the Dunnett test, Newman-Keuls test, the Scheffe test and the Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test (Grove & Cipher, 2017).

 

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Value-Based Purchasing and Shared Risk Models

Scenario

Health care organizations are increasingly expected to link provider payments to improved performance. This model aims to hold providers accountable for the quality of care they provide in a cost-effective environment.

For the organization you have been analyzing throughout this course, identify critical components of a value-based purchasing model. Analyze budgetary and financial implications of value-based purchasing on health care management practices and decisions.

Then, identify examples of shared risk models, such as population health. Analyze budgetary and financial implications of shared risk models on health care management practices and decisions.

Begin analyzing evidence-based strategies to develop an effective organizational culture, using relevant data and measures such as benchmarks, research, and best practices. Such evidence-based strategies should help position the organization for the future, particularly given an environment of value-based purchasing and shared risk models.

Your Role

You are a senior leader of a health care organization, and you are in the midst of your complete analysis of the organization. At this point you have reviewed the strategic initiatives, the organizational structure, and barriers to access, quality services, and cost effectiveness. The next step of the analysis is to consider the organization’s role in value-based purchasing and shared risk models.

From your readings and research, you are learning that hospital value-based purchasing is an incentive program first introduced by CMS but now adopted by many managed care organizations. Value-based purchasing ties various quality care clinical best practices to hospital financial incentives. In addition, value-based purchasing ties in a patient’s reported subjective experience during their hospital stay. Hospitals are no longer being paid based on the quantity of services provided; rather there is now an emphasis on the quality of those services. These quality determinants are somewhat based on benchmarks set by hospitals in general, as well as year-over-year improvements within the same hospital setting. So there is a great deal at stake for hospitals to collect and use data to ensure optimal quality care and experiences are achieved. Now more than ever, such data plays a vital role in all decision making.

As a natural progression in the vision to improve access to care, provide quality care, and decrease cost, shared risk models are being field tested. Models, such as population health, focus on the role health care organizations play to ensure the overall wellness of communities. Such models require providers at all levels of health care, not just physicians and hospitals, to be accountable for wellness and prevention services; timely and accurate diagnostics; and cost effective, quality, and available treatment regimes. This model will require the creation of strategic partnerships among the various types of health care organizations to improve overall community health through innovative means. It ties significant financial incentives to encourage such strategic partnerships through a shared risk. Pharmaceutical companies, medical device firms, diagnostic services, managed care organizations, hospitals, physician practices, supply chain networks, et cetera all have a role in making community wellness possible. Sometimes this reaches outside the more traditional health care sector to include the likes of housing providers, weight loss clinics, and workout facilities. All such services are necessary in order to enhance the wellness of the community.

Though most of the literature applies value-based purchasing or incentives and shared risk to hospital settings, the truth is all health care organizations need to support these endeavors in order to remain competitive in this new world of health care delivery. As a senior leader of any health care organization, it is vitally important that you understand your role in this process to best position your organization as a strategic partner. This will allow you to maximize your organization’s success in this new era of health care.

Requirements

Create a 2–3 page report that includes the following:

Identify critical components of a value-based purchasing model.
Analyze budgetary and financial implications of value-based purchasing on health care management practices and decisions.
Identify examples of shared risk models, such as population health.
Analyze budgetary and financial implications of shared risk models on health care management practices and decisions.
Analyze evidence-based strategies to develop an effective organizational culture, using relevant data and measures such as benchmarks, research, and best practices. Such evidence-based strategies should help position the organization for the future, particularly given an environment of value-based purchasing and shared risk models.
Deliverable Format

Report requirements:

Ensure written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message and quality.
Use at least two scholarly resources beyond those provided in this course, cited in APA format.
Your report should be 2–3 single-spaced content pages, in addition to a title page and references page.
Use 12 point, Times New Roman.
Related company standards:

Use a professional report format of your choice. Remember that you are preparing a professional document meant for executive leadership with limited time. Your report should follow the corresponding MBA Academic and Professional Document Guidelines (available in the MBA Program Resources), including single-spaced paragraphs. If you are new to this type of writing and document style, you may wish to use these sections as a way to organize your report:

Title page.
Components of value-based purchasing models.
Implications of value-based purchasing on management practices and decisions.
Shared risk models.
Implications of shared risk models on management practices and decisions.
Strategies to develop effective organizational culture.
References.
Evaluation

By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies through corresponding scoring guide criteria.

Competency 3: Analyze the role the organization plays in future models of value-based purchasing.
Identify critical components of a value-based purchasing model.
Analyze budgetary and financial implications of value-based purchasing on health care management practices and decisions.
Competency 4: Analyze the role the organization plays in future models of shared risk.
Identify examples of shared risk models, such as population health.
Analyze budgetary and financial implications of shared risk models on health care management practices and decisions.
Competency 5: Recommend evidence-based strategies to develop an organizational culture in a health care setting that is agile, innovative, and responsive.
Analyze evidence-based strategies to develop an effective organizational culture, using relevant data and measures such as benchmarks, research, and best practice.
Competency 6: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in health care administration.
Communicate organization background and analysis to company leadership in a report.
Your instructor will use the scoring guide to review your deliverable from the perspective of the health care organization’s leadership. Review the scoring guide prior to developing and submitting your assignment.

Sample Solution

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